015" o - BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY VOL IV 19551957 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) LONDON: 1957 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS No. i. 30 November . . . 1955 No. 2. 7 February ...... 1956 No. 3. 27 March . . . . . . 1956 No. 4. 1 8 April ...... 1956 No. 5. 18 April ...... 1956 No. 6. 22 May ...... 1956 No. 7. 24 July 1956 No. 8. 12 October ...... 1956 No. g. 1 8 January ... ... 1957 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE BARTHOLOMEW PRESS DORKING BY ADLARD AND SON, LTD. CONTENTS ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME IV No. i. A study of African Chironomidae. Part I. By PAUL FREEMAN i No. 2. New species of Ephemeroptera from Uganda. By D. E. KIMMINS 69 No. 3. The mosquitoes of Arabia. I. By P. F. MATTINGLY and K. L. KNIGHT 89 No. 4. Microlepidoptera from Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. By J. D. BRADLEY 143 No. 5. Sphecidae (Hym.) recoltes en Libye et au Tibesti par M. Kenneth M. Guichard. By JACQUES DE BEAUMONT 165 No. 6. Centrocneminae, a new sub-family of the Reduviidae (Hemiptera- Heteroptera). By N. C. E. MILLER 217 No. 7. A study of African Chironomidae. Part II. By PAUL FREEMAN 285 No. 8. A revision of the Bruelia. (Mallophaga) species infesting the Corvidae. Part I. By M. ATIQUR RAHMAN ANSARI 369 No. 9. A revision of the genus Tridrepana Swinhoe (Lepidoptera : Drepanidae). By ALAN WATSON 407 Index to Volume 4 501 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE PART I PAUL FREEMAN BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 4 No. i LONDON: 1955 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE PART I BY PAUL FREEMAN Pp. i 67 , PL I ; 15 Text-figures. BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 4 No. i LONDON: 1955 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 4, No. i of the Entomological series. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued November, 1955 Price Fifteen Shillings A STUDY OF THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA PART I By PAUL FREEMAN CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION ........... 3 HISTORICAL SURVEY .......... 4 COLLECTING, PRESERVATION AND EXAMINATION ..... 6 BIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION ........ 8 STRUCTURE ........... 9 VARIATION AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES . . . . 16 KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF CHIRONOMIDAE . . . . . . 18 SUBFAMILY PODOMINAE ......... 19 SUBFAMILY TANYPODINAE ......... 19 SUBFAMILY DIAMESINAE ......... 61 SUBFAMILY CLUNIONINAE ......... 64 SYNOPSIS This is the first of a series of papers describing as far as it is at present possible the Chironomid fauna of Africa south of the Sahara. The introductory matter includes a historical survey of the numbers and distribution of species hitherto described ; notes on collecting, preserving and examining specimens ; a brief account of the distribution of some of the commoner species ; and finally short chapters on the structure and variation of the adults with special reference to characters of taxonomic importance. There is a key to the subfamilies followed by keys and descriptions of the genera and African species of the subfamilies Tanypodinae, Diamesinae and Clunioninae. A key to the genera only is given of the Podominae, of which no African species are yet known. Descriptions are given of new species and redescriptions where possible of those previously described both by the present and other authors. Fifty-seven species are dealt with, nineteen of them new, and there is a good deal of new synonymy. THIS is the first part of a study of the adult Chironomid fauna of the mainland of Africa south of the Sahara, based mainly on the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), supplemented by those of the Institut des Pares Nationaux du Congo Beige, the Musee Royal du Congo Beige and the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. I consider the Ceratopogonidae to be a separate family. The study is not a revision in the strict sense because I have not been able to identify all the species (nearly 300) described by Kieffer. I am, however, including as many ENTOM. IV, I. I 4 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE redescriptions of his species and genera as possible, and notes on all the others. I am also describing new species, redescribing both Goetghebuer's and my own species, and giving keys and figures to assist in dentifications. It is hoped that publication of the study will encourage collecting so that the remainder of Kieffer's species may be found again. Africa south of the Sahara and the associated islands off the east coast are usually referred to by zoologists as the " Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region." It is not a very satisfactory term because Ethiopia is the name of a country and therefore there is confusion when the adjective " Ethiopian " is used. I am not including a full account of the fauna of the Malagasy Sub-region (Madagascar and associated islands), except for the Seychelles, because I have no material from there. I am, however, including such account as is possible of the material from the Seychelles collected by the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition 1905 and reported on by Kieffer. Some Sudanese species extend along the Nile into Lower Egypt and for these species it is necessary to extend the limits of the Region under consideration. With this exception, wherever I have used the adjective " African " I am meaning Africa south of the Sahara. I wish to thank Dr. A. J. Hesse of the South African Museum, Cape Town, for lending me the types of S. African species described by Kieffer ; also Dr. Ferenc Mihalyi of the Hungarian National Museum for the loan of other Kieffer types. I would like to thank the Director of the Institut des Pares Nationaux du Congo Beige, Dr. P. L. G. Benoit of the Musee Royal du Congo Beige and Dr. Per Brinck of the Lund Universitets Zoologiska Institution for placing the large collections of their Institutes at my disposal. Dr. K. M. F. Scott and Mr. A. D. Harrison of the University of Cape Town have made big collections of specimens in excellent condition and I am much indebted to them, both for sending me the material for working out and for presenting much of it, including the types of new species, to the British Museum (N. H.). Other large collections have been sent to me from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan by Mr. D. J. Lewis, Stack Medical Laboratory, and by Mr. E. T. M. Reid, Tsetse-fly Reclamation Service. Smaller lots of material have been received from M. R. Toilet, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique ; Dr. A. Villiers, Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar ; M. J. Hamon, S.G.H.M.P., Bobo Dioulasso, Haute Volta ; Mr. R. Crosskey, Medical Dept., Nigeria; Prof. Dr. Fritz Peus, Zoologisches Museum der Universitat, Berlin ; and Prof. Dr. E. Lindner, Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart. I wish to give my thanks to all these for their co-operation. The British Museum material includes the collections made by the late Dr. F. W. Edwards on the British Museum Ruwenzori Expedition (1934-5). HISTORICAL SURVEY Single species of African Chironomidae have been described by Walker, Wiedemann, Edwards, Hesse and Hinton, but prior to 1950 the vast majority of known species were described by Kieffer and Goetghebuer. Since 1950 and prior to the publication A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 5 of this study I have published descriptions of a number of species. The numbers involved are as follows : Kieffer . . . 286 species Goetghebuer . . 82 ,, Freeman . .78 ,, Other Authors . 6 ,, 452 Goetghebuer's material is preserved in the Musee Royal du Congo Beige, Tervuren; there is type material of practically all my species in the British Museum (N. H.). Of the material examined by Kieffer, however, there seems to be little left. I have seen the types of nearly 90 species located in the British Museum, in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, in the Hungarian National Museum, and in the South African Museum, Cape Town. The types of the remainder appear to be lost. Kieffer wrote twelve papers between 1908 and 1925 either entirely on material from Africa south of the Sahara or containing descriptions of species from that Region. Some African species are to be found in Egypt and at least one in Palestine ; it is therefore necessary to study his papers on Egyptian material. His most important papers on the African fauna are the series of three under the title " Chironomides de 1'Afrique Equatorial" (Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1921-3). In these he described 158 new species and 28 new genera. Despite the fact that Kieffer gave keys to both genera and species, Goetghebuer was able to recognize only three of his new genera and three of his species. The material studied by Kieffer was almost all preserved in alcohol, whereas that available to Goetghebuer and myself is mostly pinned. Specimens preserved in spirit tend to be much paler than those that are pinned, the colours fade more easily and the pruinosity is invisible. This means that more attention has to be paid to the structural characters mentioned by Kieffer than to the colour characters. Although this might seem to be an advantage owing to the variability of colour characters, in fact it is not, because he often used head characters which are generic rather than specific and minute tarsal characters which are extremely difficult to see and to appreciate. Female Chironomids are notoriously difficult to identify, but Kieffer described 46 species from females devoid of wing markings or other distinctive features. These will probably never be recognized. At the time of writing I have been able to recognize about 130 of Kieffer's species and about 12 of his genera based on African material. Nearly every collection sent to me contains at least one of his species which is new to me. The feature which I find most puzzling in his work is the abundance of species described by him and unknown to me with striking characters of wing and leg markings, and the absence in his papers of descriptions of species which to me are common. Kieffer's work was very erratic. Some of his descriptions are accurate and render the species recognizable easily and with confidence. These are usually species with clear-cut markings or distinctive structural features which he has figured. If the markings are not clear-cut or are at all complex then they are difficult to interpret 6 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE from any description and a figure is essential. Unfortunately Kieffer did not figure wing or leg markings for any species. Some of his hypopygial figures seem fairly accurate, but others do not inspire confidence and they may have been drawn from poor mounts. Most of his type specimens are lacking hypopygia, but in one instance (Chironomus ornatipennis Kieffer = Polypedilum alticola Kieffer) the hypopygium is present, mounted in ordinary gum on one of the data labels beneath the specimen. It is distorted and accounts for the figure (Ann. Mus. not. Hung. 16 : 69) in which the styles as drawn are quite unlike those of a specimen with them properly expanded. I have remounted this hypopygium in balsam to show the correct appearance. If many of his drawings were made from mounts like this it will account for much of the difficulty in recog- nizing his species even when figures are given. His concept of the genera was very uncertain. In 1914 he described Polypedilum alticola, placing it quite correctly into that genus, of which it is a large, well marked, typical species. However, in 1918, he again described it as a new species, but this time as Chironomus ornatipennis. In fact, of the six species placed in Chironomus in this later paper, examination of the types shows that only one really belongs to this genus in its strictest sense (as used by Kieffer) : two belong to Polypedilum, one to Nilodorum, one to Cryptochironomus and one seems best placed in the genus which he later described as Kribiomimus. There are many other examples of errors of this type which help to make his work so difficult to interpret. In addition, some species seem to have been described over and over again not only in different papers but even in the same one. Examples of this are afforded by Pentaneura pictipes which he seems to have described four times in the same paper and a fifth time in a later paper ; and Chironomus palustris which he described later as C. iricolor and Calochironomus oxylabis. To complete the recognition of Kieffer's species much more collecting in the type localities will be necessary. As proof of this, his 1921-3 papers contain descriptions of between 60 and 70 new species and 8 new genera from southern Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. This is an area from which I have much material and I have been able to recognize no less than 40 of these species and 7 of the genera. From this it can be inferred that further collecting in other areas will enable many more of his species to be found again (see further under " Biology and Distribution "). The big collections available to me have come from Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Lewis and Reid), South Africa (Scott, Harrison and Brinck) and Belgian Congo, Pare National Albert. I have smaller collections from other parts of Africa, especially Uganda, Kenya, Gold Coast and Nigeria, but very few from the forested areas. I hope that publication of this study will encourage entomologists in Africa to collect more Chironomidae, especially at light. Regular collections over a long period will probably add enormously to the knowledge of the family. COLLECTING, PRESERVATION AND EXAMINATION Chironomidae come readily to light, although I have no information as to whether this applies to all species or even equally to both sexes of the same species. Most A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 7 of the material available to Kieffer and much of that in the British Museum was taken at light. The males are also easily caught with a net in their mating swarms. Both sexes can be found on vegetation, etc., near water. Mating pairs can be ob- tained by watching the swarms until a female appears and mates with one of the males ; the pair drops to the ground and can be captured. Nearly all the material described by Kieffer and much that is collected at the present time is preserved in spirit. So far as I know, the only advantages of this method of preservation are ease of collecting and the ease of making a superficial examination of the male hypopygium. Preservation in spirit has the following disadvantages : (i). The colours fade and the specimens are always paler than in life. (2). The pruinosity is masked, and surfaces which are dull may appear shining. (3). Hairs, especially wing macrotrichia, fall off. (4) . Wing veins become transparent and difficult to see. (5). Antennae and legs soon break off, especially if the specimens are sent through the post. (6) The specimens do not macerate well in 10% potash and become very trans- parent and difficult to handle. (7) Examination is not easy, as it is difficult to fix the specimens in any desired position. On the other hand, dried specimens mounted either on the tips of stainless steel points or else stuck on small card triangles with gum or celluloid solution, have none of these disadvantages, although they are fragile and easily attacked by pests. In my opinion all material should be preserved dry because ease of examination and maceration combined with retention of colours, hairs, legs, etc., greatly outweigh such disadvantages as are inherent in dried collections. Chironomids are very fragile and should not be left long in the killing bottle to shake about and break up ; also large bodied insects should be kept away from them to avoid damage. When killed, they can be placed between layers of cellulose wadding for later mounting and examination, if it is not convenient to mount them immediately. Most of the characters can be seen without slide mounting, but mounting is essential for male hypopygia and occasionally for wings or tarsal structures. I prefer to use Canada balsam after staining for about 10 minutes in a i% solution of acid fuchsin in 20% alcohol. Where balsam is impracticable, " euparal " is probably equally effective. Gum-chloral media such as De Faur's mountant, are not good, as the shrinkage in drying invariably causes collapse of the hypopygia. I have no experience of polyvinyl alcohol media, but they are probably of no use with a water soluble stain such as acid fuchsin. Mounts may be made on slides, but care must be taken that hypopygia are not crushed by the cover slip. I do not use slides for hypopygia but prefer to mount them in a drop of balsam placed on a strip of cover slip which is glued with celluloid solution to a small piece of card. No cover is used and the mount can be impaled through the card by the same pin that carries the specimen from which the hypo- pygium was taken. I find these mounts simple to make and easy to examine. 8 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE If necessary they can be remounted in different positions after dissolving the balsam in a mixture of xylol and absolute alcohol. BIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION Very little is known of the life histories of the African Chironomidae, but there seems to be no reason to assume that in general they will prove to be much different from the life histories of European species belonging to the same genera. So far as I know, detailed information is available only for the species Polypedilum vanderplanki Hinton, the larva of which has been shown by Hinton (1951, Proc. zool. Soc. Loud. 121 : 371-80) to be very resistant to desiccation. Larvae of this species can be dried for at least one and a half years after which time more than 90% of them can be reactivated by placing in water. A notable feature of the African fauna is the comparative scarcity of the Ortho- cladiinae as compared with their abundance in individuals and species in the Pal- aearctic Region. Entomologists working with the Palaearctic fauna have found that the Orthocladiinae are especially typical of cold water habitats. This seems to apply also to the African fauna where some Orthocladiinae occur in the mountains of tropical Africa and at lower levels in the cooler climate of South Africa. For similar reasons the Diamesinae are represented by a single species and the Podominae not at all. It is difficult to form any conclusions about the geographical distribution of the species on the basis of the relatively small amount of Chironomid material so far collected, but it does seem that many of the species are widely distributed. Edwards has noted in the British Chironomid fauna (1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 77 : 282), though of course the scale is quite different, that their distribution is governed by the distribution of water ecologically suited to each species rather than by other considerations. In his 1921-3 papers on the Equatorial African Chironomid fauna, Kieffer described more than 150 species ; 89 of these were from Kribi in the French Cameroons, 68 were from the southern Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and in each case about half the species were described from the female alone. I have identified more than 40 of the Sudanese species but less than a dozen of the Kribi species. A conclusion which may be drawn is that the collections at my disposal do not include enough species from the forested parts of Africa for me to identify the Kribi species. On the other hand, as Kribi is on the coast it may not be typical of the Guinean Forest proper. In point of fact I have little material from the forested areas, the bulk of the collec- tions available to me being from Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, East Africa and South Africa, with additional small collections from the Gold Coast, Nigeria and French West Africa. I have been singularly unsuccessful in my searches amongst this material for the species described by Kieffer from Kribi. The same thing is true of the collections studied by Goetgehbuer. He described over 80 species from the Belgian Congo, but only twelve or so of these came from the Guinean Forest ; the remainder were from the higher eastern and southern parts of the Belgian Congo. One of the species described by Kieffer from Kribi as Kribiocosmus ornatipes has A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 9 an interesting distribution. My material of it comes from the Gold Coast (Koforidua) , French Sudan (Bamako) and the Belgian Congo (Stanleyville) . The first two of these localities are right outside the Guinean Forest, which suggests that this species at least is not a forest one. If this applied generally to the Kribi species I would expect more of them to have been present in the collections available to me. As so few of the species are known to me, it seems quite probable that there is a fauna, fairly rich in species, associated with the Guinean Forest Province of the West African Zoogeographical Subregion, but which has not been collected to any extent since Kieffer wrote his 1921-3 papers. Outside the Guinean Forest some species show a generalized Sudano-Zambesian distribution, being found in West Africa (Gold Coast, Nigeria), Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, East Africa, and South Africa. Examples of such species are : Pentaneura nilotica Kieffer. P. cygnus Kieffer. Clinotanypus claripennis Kieffer. Procladius albitalus sp. nov. Chironomus palustris Kieffer. Nilodorum brevibucca Kieffer. Species with a typical East African distribution from South Africa northwards to the Sudan include the following : Pentaneura trifascia Freeman. P. dusoleili Goetghebuer. Tanypus guttatipennis Goetghebuer. Procladius brevipetiolatus Goetghebuer. Chironomus sensualis Kieffer. C. albomarginatus Kieffer. Cryptochironomus subovatus Freeman. Polypedilum alticola Kieffer. The following species are known so far only from South Africa : Anatopynia marmorata sp. nov. A . unicolor Freeman. Chironomus caffrarius Kieffer. Microtendipes lamprogaster Kieffer. There is insufficient material available for me to go into greater detail at the present stage, because so many of the species are known only from one or two localities. STRUCTURE In this Section are described mainly the parts of the adult which are used in classification. Head. Although Kieffer often mentioned the shape of the head, I have rarely found it to be of value for separating species. It is generally wider than it is high. In the io A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE subfamily Chironominae, just above the antennae, there may be a pair of small lobes known as the frontal tubercles (Text-fig, i, c). The eyes are large, sometimes (Orthocladiinae) reniform, sometimes with a long dorsal narrow portion. In some genera (e.g. Clinotanypus) there is a pronounced sexual difference in the eyes, those of the male having a long dorsal narrow portion, FIG. i. Heads and antennae of Chironomidae. (a) Clinotanypus niligenus front view of male head ; (b) the same of female ; (c) Chironomus bellus Goetgh. front view of male head ; (d) the same of female ; (e) Chironomus bellus antenna of male ; (/) the same of female. those of the female being more or less reniform (Text-figs, i, a and b). There is usually some difference between the eyes of the two sexes of a species, those of the female often being larger and with a proportionately shorter and broader dorsal portion (Text-figs, i, c and d). The eyes maybe pubescent or bare, though this is more often a generic than a specific character. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE n As in allied families the true basal segment of the antennae is suppressed, the apparent basal one being really the pedicel or second segment. This in both sexes is enlarged (Text-fig, i), greatly so in the male, and contains Johnston's organ. The flagellum of the male antenna is strongly plumose and bushy (Text-fig. I, e) except in a few aberrant species and in the subfamily Clunioninae. The maximum number of antennal segments, including the pedicel, is 15 (Tanypodinae) . Segments 2-13 are quadrate or transverse, segment 14 is greatly elongate, segment 15 is much shorter and often only indistinctly separated from 14. In the Orthocladiinae and Chironominae the last two segments are fused, giving a total of 14, which in Chirono- mus and allied genera is reduced to 12 by further fusion of the basal segments to the long apical one. The ratio of the length of the last two segments (Tanypodinae) or last one (Chironominae) to the short basal segments taken together is termed the " antennal ratio " or A.R. Although it is variable the A.R. is of some use in specific diagnoses. The antenna of the female is never plumose, and is shorter, often much shorter than in the male. In the Tanypodinae there may be as many as 15 segments inclu- ding the pedicel ; the segments are usually quadrate or moniliform, except for the last one which is enlarged and about three times as long as the penultimate. In some Tanypodine genera and species the number may be reduced to as few as n. In the Orthocladiinae and Chironominae the segmentation of the female antenna is greatly reduced, six being the commonest number of segments (Text-fig, i,/). In several genera there are seven segments and in others only five, fusion having taken place between segments 2 and 3 and between 6 and 7. In the six segmented species, fusion has taken place between segments 2 and 3 and it is sometimes difficult to be certain whether it is complete or not. The segments carry transparent curved sensory bristles sometimes used in classification. Segments 3-5 or 3-6 in those with seven segments are usually fusiform or " flask-shaped," that is, with a basal bulb and an apical neck. Each segment carries 4-6 long hairs in whorls. The mouthparts are normal in appearance, though they are not large, as the insects rarely feed in the adult state. In some genera (e.g. Nilodorum) they are greatly reduced. The palpi are usually long and four segmented ; I have not been able to find good specific characters in the lengths of the segments and there seems to be some variation even in those genera, in which they are reduced. Thorax. The prothorax is always reduced. In those genera which show it best developed, such as Chironomus or some Tanypodinae, it is collar-like and reaches up to the front of the mesonotum where it often has a V-shaped emargination. In the genera of the Chironominae there is a progressive reduction until in Stenochironomus and Microtendipes the mesonotum projects like a cone over, and almost in front of, the head. The mesonotum carries three rows of bristles, the central double row being the acrostichal bristles and the sub-lateral ones the dorso-centrals. The central region of the posterior half of the mesonotum is somewhat sunken and flat and I have termed 12 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE it the " prescutellar area." The acrostichal bristles sometimes go straight across it, sometimes they part into two rows which run round it (Text-fig. 8, a). In some of the Tanypodine genera (e.g. Tanypus) there is an oval sharply defined tubercle just anterior to the prescutellar area. The scutellum is semicircular and carries a number of long hairs. Behind the scutellum is the postnotum with the longitudinal furrow characteristic of the family. This furrow is absent in the Podominae (no African species known to me) and greatly reduced in Anatopynia unicolor Freeman. There is a membranous area in the pleuron behind the anterior spiracle ; the large, lower, ventro-lateral plate is the sternopleuron. The presence of the anepisternal suture is important in the separation of the Clunioninae (Text-fig. 15). This suture normally lies above the sternopleuron, separating it from the anepisternite. FIG. 2. Thorax of Chironomus bellus Goetgh. (a) semi-diagrammatic longitudinal section to show main flight muscles ; (b) dorsal view to show insertions of muscles and rows of bristles. The thorax has a standard pattern of darker markings which occurs throughout the family. These markings are on the cuticle over the insertions of the large flight muscles, which, as in other insects, are in two paired series, the longitudinal and the vertical. The longitudinal muscles are in a median pair (Text-fig. 2, a) and run from the anterior half of the mesonotum to the postnotum, the posterior wall of which is vertical. These muscles are very deep. The prescutellar area, the scutellum and the basal half of the postnotum are not included in the attachment of these muscles and they are paler in colour. The acrostichal bristles are on the median line between the two longitudinal muscles and sometimes there is a narrow pale line here. The vertical muscles are lateral to the longitudinal pair and run from the meso- A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMID AE 13 notum to the sternopleuron (Text-fig. 2, a). They are attached laterally to the posterior half of the mesonotum (Text-fig. 2, b) and run to the lowest part of the sternopleuron. The dorso-central bristles lie between the vertical and longitudinal muscles. The darker areas are thus (Text-fig. 2, b) a pair (often fused) of anterior median and two postero-lateral mesonotal stripes, the apex of the postnotum and the lower part of the sternopleuron. These areas are nearly always of a different colour from the other parts which do not act as muscle attachments, namely, the shoulders, lines of dorso-central bristles, prescutellar area, scutellum, base of postnotum, and upper parts of pleura. In some very dark species most of the thorax is suffused with a dark colour, but it is usually possible to distinguish the areas of muscle attach- ment by their slightly darker colour. The thorax is often pruinose and then the pruinosity is arranged differently on the two types of areas, so that the shoulders, lines of bristles and prescutellar area stand out from the areas of muscle attachment. A change in the direction of the light may reverse the colours, especially when the pruinosity is heavy. Legs The legs are long and slender, especially the anterior pair. In the Tanypodinae and Orthocladiinae tibial spurs are present on all the tibiae and the anterior tibia is longer than the basitarsus. In the Chironominae the anterior tibial spur is usually either absent or else reduced in length and placed at the apex of an oval extension of the tibia termed the " scale." In this subfamily the anterior basitarsus is longer than the tibia, often much longer, also the apices of the posterior four tibiae are more complex and carry a pair of combs formed from a series of basally fused spinules. These combs are associated with the spurs, which appear to arise from their inner aspects. The presence or absence of the spurs and the fusion or otherwise of the combs are important in generic diagnosis. The ratio of anterior basitarsus to anterior tibia is useful in specific separation and is termed the " leg ratio " or L.R. The anterior tarsi of the male may carry a fringe of long hairs, termed a beard. This is usually a specific character, but in the female it is either completely absent or else so reduced as not to be noticeable. The fifth tarsal segment may carry a pair of pulvilli and an empodium below and between the claws. The development of the pulvilli varies throughout the family ; they are largest in Chironomus. In Polypedilum and Pentapedilum each pulvillus is split longitudinally so that, with the empodium, there are five narrow lobes between the claws. Wings The wings of the male are narrower than those of the female, but there is quite often a prominence in the anal lobe, especially in the Orthocladiinae, which is not present in the female. The presence of a fringe of setae on the basal squama is sometimes of taxonomic importance. i 4 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE The wing membrane may carry both macrotrichia and microtrichia. The presence of the former is of importance generically throughout the family ; the size of the latter is used in the Orthocladiinae to separate some of the more difficult groups, but it is a difficult character to use and necessitates a 1/6 in. objective. In the females the hairs of both types are much better developed than in the males. Many species have dark markings on the wings. Edwards has given four kinds of markings (1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 77 : 284), but I cannot say that I agree R4+5 Ml+2 Cul FIG. 3. Wings of Chironomidae. (a) Procladius brevipetiolatus female ; (b) Chironomus caffrarius Kiefif . female, x, r-m cross-vein ; y, true base of M 3+4 ; z, posterior fork ; Sq, squama and fringe. completely with his views. In my opinion there appear to be three ways in which the markings are caused : (1) By patches of dark or dark and light macrotrichia (especially Anatopynia and Pentaneura}. (2) By areas of greater concentration and darkening of microtrichia (e.g. Tanypus, Dicrotendipes , Polypedilum). (3) By actual staining of the membrane (e.g. Clinotanypus, Chironomus palustris). The dark areas caused by (i) and (2) are usually stained as well, at least slightly. The dark areas caused by the microtrichia are much more definite than those caused by staining alone, which produces a much more suffused effect. Dark A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 15 patches of macrotrichia are easily rubbed off, but their position is usually marked by a very light staining of the membrane which can be seen best by reflected daylight. Examination of the wing markings, however caused, is best carried out by daylight using a binocular microscope, but, as Edwards says, the structural colours due to microtrichia are also visible by transmitted light when the wing is mounted in a liquid medium. This enables photographs to be made easily of this type of marking. The wing of Procladius brevipdiolatus Goetgh. is shown in Text-fig. 3, a to illustrate one of the more primitive types of venation. I am adopting the Comstock and Needham system of notation of the veins as modified by Tillyard. Edwards and Goetghebuer did not use Tillyard's modification ; to them the posterior fork was simply the cubital fork composed of Cu x and Cu 2 . Tillyard has shown, however that this is not so but that the anterior branch is really M 3+4 which has become joined to Cu. The posterior branch is the true Cu 1} and Cu 2 is reduced to a fold behind Cuj. In Procladius the apparent cross- vein known to Edwards as m-cu is now correctly to be called the base of M 3+4 . In the wings of Pentaneura (Text-figs. 5, 7, 9) it will be seen that the true m-cu is present as the extreme basal portion of the anterior branch of the posterior fork. In Coelotanypus (Text-fig. 12, a) M 3+4 only just touches Cuj, so that m-cu is obli- terated. For convenience in the descriptions I have referred to the Mg^-Cuj fork as the " posterior fork " ; the short vein known to Edwards as the " m-cu cross-vein," I now term the " base of M 3+4 ." In the subfamilies Orthocladiinae, Corynoneurinae, Clunioninae and Chironominae the base of M 3+4 is not developed (Text-fig. 3, 6). The veins of the radial field of Diptera have been interpreted by Alexander (1928, IV Internal. Congr. Ent. Ithaca, 11 : 700-707), and to some extent the confor- mation of R 2+3 in the Tanypodinae agrees with his interpretation. However, the venation is so specialized that I prefer to keep the older notation with R 2+3 a forked vein in the Tanypodinae and a simple vein in the other subfamilies. The vein M 1+2 is simple in all Chironomidae and is connected to the radial sector by the cross- vein r-m. There is very often a dark spot or cloud over the cross- vein. 1 The condition of the costa, whether or not it is extended or " produced " beyond the apex of R 4+5 is important for specific and generic diagnosis. Abdomen Except for the male hypopygium there are few features of systematic importance in the structure of the abdomen, although the arrangement of spots and bands is often helpful, especially in the male. There is sexual difference in the appearance of the abdomen ; in the male it is slender, often with well developed markings ; in the female it is stouter and darker and the markings are much less well developed. The male hypopygium (Text-fig. 4) consists essentially of a pair of two segmented claspers, the basal segment being the coxite and the apical the style. In some of the Tanypodinae there is very little else than this, except that the style has an apical spine and the coxite a few hairs on the inner surface. Internally, associated with the junction of IXth segment and coxite there are a pair of struts which fuse in the mid-line and another pair lying more or less transversely (Text-fig. 4, a, c) ; these struts show greater development in the Corynoneurinae. 16 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE In all the subfamilies except the Chironominae, the styles can bend forwards and lie against the inner aspects of the coxites (Text-fig. 4, a) ; they carry an apical spine and sometimes a longitudinal flange. In the Chironominae (Text-fig. 4, c, d) the styles project rigidly backwards and do not carry apical spines, but there is often a row of long setae internally near the apex. The coxites carry lobes or appendages on their inner aspects, one or two in the Orthocladiinae (Text-fig. 4, a), as many as four in some genera of the Chironominae. Whether the lobes of the Orthocladiinae are homologous with the appendages of the Chironominae is not clear, but they arise in more or less the same positions. In the Chironominae there is an upper, often hook-like, appendage i and a lower, usually larger, more hairy, appendage 2 (Text-fig. 4, c, d) : each may have a subsi- diary appendage termed la and 2a respectively (especially in Tanytarsus). The ninth tergite usually carries an " anal point " (Text-fig. 4) its length, hairiness and position being important. The anal point is not developed in the Tanypo- dinae and it is absent spasmodically throughout the family. The ninth sternite is narrow and band-like. The tenth segment is largely membraneous, but occupies quite a large area in the Orthocladiinae (Text-fig. 4, a). In Pentaneura subgenus AUabesmyia there are aedeagal structures (Text-fig. 10) between the coxites. These are erectile and can be only studied properly when they are everted, a condition not often seen. I have had no success with artificially everting them after death. This is a pity because there appear to be good specific differences in these structures. The spermathecae have hardly been mentioned in the literature and Edwards (1937, Ann. Mag. not. Hist. (10) 20:141) casts doubt on their existence as sclerotised structures, at any rate in Orthocladiine genera other than Abiskomyia and Symbiocladius. I have taken this opportunity of examining the spermathecae of representatives of the following genera: Pentaneura, Procladius, Podonomus, Protanypus, Diamesa, Metriocnemus, Cardiocladius, Cricotopus, Abiskomyia, Psectro- cladius, Orthocladius , Pseudochironomtts, Chironomus, Cryptochironomus, and Poly- pedilum. In the Tanypodine genera and in Protanypus the spermathecae are three in number, spherical or oval and well sclerotised ; in a new Orthocladiine genus to be described later there are three bell-shaped ones. In the other Diamesine, Podomine and Orthocladiine genera except Cardiocladius, the spermathecae are two in number, spherical and sclerotised. In the Chironominae and in Cardiocladius they are again two in number and spherical, but here they are colourless and quite unsclerotised. It seems then that these organs are subject to a progressive reduction throughout the family, although a much more extensive study is necessary to form any detailed conclusions. VARIATION AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES There is a good deal of variation within a species in colour, in the leg and antennal ratios and in hairiness. The mesonotal stripes are the parts most noticeably affected by colour variation, both in shade and also in the degree of fusion in dark species. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE IXT IXT FIG. 4. Male hypopygia of Chironomidae. (a) Orthocladius bergensis Freeman in dorsal aspect ; (b) the same in lateral aspect ; (c) Chironomus caffrarius Kieffer in dorsal aspect ; (d) the same in lateral aspect. Cx, coxite ; St, style ; sir, struts ; i, coxite appendage i ; 2, coxite appendage 2 ; IXSt, ninth sternite ; IXT, ninth tergite and anal point ; X, tenth segment. ENTOM. IV, I. 2 i8 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHI RONOMI D AE The wing markings, when present, are also liable to vary. Townes (1945, Amer. Midi. Nat. 34 : 6) states that specimens developing at lower temperatures have more dark pigment than those developing at a higher temperature. The African species seem to agree with this. There is considerable difference in appearance between the two sexes. The greatest differences are in the antennae and the abdomen. In the male the antennae are almost always plumed and the ultimate or penultimate segment very long ; also the pedicel is greatly enlarged. In the female the antennae are reduced in length and segmentation, except in the Tanypodinae and the plumes are not developed ; the pedicel is smaller than in the male. On the other hand, the eyes of the female tend to be bulkier than in the male. The male abdomen is slender, with the hypo- pygium at the end, and it often carries markings. In the female the abdomen is bulkier, lacks the hypopygium and tends to be unicolorous. Other differences lie in the wider female wings and absence in that sex of a tarsal beard even when present in the male. However, when macrotrichia are present on the wings, they are much better developed in the female. Thoracic and leg structure and pattern, wing venation and pattern are usually rather similar in both sexes. The colour pattern may be more clearly denned in the female, the darker markings being more definite. Intersexes caused by parasitism by a Nematode worm of the family Mermithidae are often found. Rempel (1940, Journ. Exp. Biol. 84 : 261-87) has dealt with the subject in detail. He finds that it is the female larvae which are attacked, males are seldom infested and if they are, do not become intersexes. The Nematode larva feeds on the developing ovaries and gluten gland which induces in the host the development of male sexual characters, resulting in an intersex. A typical intersex looks like a female with normal male hypopygium and there is a varying amount of male internal structure regenerated. The insect behaves as a female, mating with a male and making " egg laying " flights over the water. The genus Gillotia Kieffer was described from such a specimen. A normal male is seen to belong to the genus Cryptochironomus. KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF CHIRONOMIDAE 1 . Base of M 3+4 present ............ 2 Base of M 3+4 absent ............ 4 2. Postnotum lacking median furrow ; R 2+3 completely absent, although R x and R 4+5 are well separated ........... PODOMINAE Postnotal furrow well developed except in one species and in this R 2+3 is well de- veloped ; R 2+3 present ........... 3 3. R 2+3 forked (e.g. Text-fig. 5) (in some small species of Pentaneura R 2+3 is crowded out by close approximation of Rj and R 4+5 , but in these species wings very hairy) TANYPODINAE R 2+3 simple (PI. I, fig. m) and always distinct, wings usually bare . . DIAMESINAE 4. L.R. less than i ; front tibia with spur ; tibial combs not composed of short basally fused spinules ; male styles folded inwards ....... 5 L.R. nearly always more than i ; front tibial spur reduced, except in Pseudochionomus (no African species described) ; tibial combs composed of short basally fused spinules in nearly all genera ; male styles always directed rigidly backwards CHIRONOMINAE A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 19 5. R 4+5 completely fused with the thickened costa to form a " clavus " and with a false vein running close to anterior margin on outer half of wing . . CORYNONEURINAE R 4+5 not fused with the thickened costa ........ 6 6. Pronotum scarcely divided ; anepisternal suture well developed (Text-fig. 15) ; male antenna normally plumose ....... ORTHOCLADIINAE Pronotal lobes widely separated ; anepisternal suture obsolete (Text-fig. 15) ; male antenna not plumose ......... CLUNIONINAE Subfamily PODOMINAE There are no species of this subfamily either recorded or known to me from Africa south of the Sahara. Species are recorded from or known to occur in the Holarctic Region, Chilean Sub-region, South Georgia and New Zealand and it is quite likely that some may be found in South Africa or in the mountainous parts of Central and East Africa. The subfamily is included here for the sake of completeness. The Podominae can be separated from the Tanypodinae because (i) R 2+3 is com- pletely absent even though Rj and R 4+5 are well separated ; (2) the postnotum is short and evenly rounded and has no trace of the median furrow ; (3) at rest the wings are superposed over the back as in the Ceratopogonidae. KEY TO GENERA OF PODOMINAE 1. Costa ending at tip of R 4+5 Parochlus Enderlein Costa produced well beyond tip of R 4+5 ........ 2 2. Base of M 3+4 basal to posterior fork ......... 3 Base of M 3+4 distal to or opposite posterior fork ....... 4 3. Pulvilli large, eyes pubescent ....... Trichotanypus Kieffer Pulvilli absent, eyes bare ........ Boreochlus Edwards 4. Hind tibia without a definite comb on the inner side at tip, both spurs long ; Rj long and slender in both sexes ; female antenna with 15 segments Lasiodiamesa Kieffer Hind tibial comb present, one spur short ; R! more or less swollen apically in the female ; female antenna with 8-12 segments .... Podonomus Philippi Subfamily TANYPODINAE The Tanypodinae differ from the other subfamilies by the retention of vein R 2 , though in some small species of Pentaneura the whole vein R 2+3 may become crowded out by the close approximation of veins R x and R 4+5 . Other primitive characters lie in the presence of the base of M 3+4 and in the segmentation of the antennae. In the male there are 15 antennal segments, the fifteenth being formed at the apex of the greatly elongated fourteenth. In the female the maximum number of 15 segments is developed in Anatopynia and some species of T any PUS, the lowest number for the African fauna is n in Pentaneura pictipes Kieffer. The male hypo- pygium usually has no basal coxite lobes or appendages, although in some species of Pentaneura aedeagal appendages are present. The larvae are carnivorous, feeding mostly on other Chironomid larvae. The subfamily is well represented in Africa south of the Sahara, most genera and species groups being present. The species of Coelotanypus and Clinotanypus suggest that these two genera are only doubtfully distinct, and there is a tendency for 20 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE some of the other genera to run together. There are no new genera in the material at my disposal and practically all the species fit into species groups known from the Palaearctic Region. The species oi Anatopynia seem to be more or less confined to the mountainous regions and to the Cape, otherwise the species of the subfamily are fairly well distributed over the Region. KEY TO GENERA OF TANYPODINAE 1. Fourth segment of tarsus cordiform ; wing membrane without macrotrichia . . 2 All tarsal segments cylindrical ; macrotrichia present on wing membrane, except in Procladius subg. Psilotanypus .......... 3 2. Posterior fork stalked, mesonotum with central oval tubercle in one species only Clinotanypus Kieffer Posterior fork sessile (i.e. opposite free base of M 3+4 ) ; mesonotum always with central oval tubercle .......... Coelotanypus Kieffer 3. Posterior fork stalked ........... 4 Posterior fork basal to free base of M 3+4 ........ 5 4. Central mesonotal tubercle present, stem of posterior fork less than one third as long as Cu x . . . . . . . . . . . Tanypus Meigen Tubercle absent, stem of fork about half as long as Cu x .... Procladius Skuse 5. Female antennae with 11-13 segments ; costa normally not produced, smaller species Pentaneura Philippi Female antennae with 15 segments ; costa always distinctly produced beyond the apex of R 4+6 .......... Anatopynia Johannsen Genus PENTANEURA Philippi Pentaneura Philippi, 1865, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 15, 629 ; Edwards, 1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Land. 77 : 287 ; Johannsen, 1946, Journ. New York ent. Soc. 54 : 267-89 ; Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22 : 127. Isoplastus Skuse, 1889, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales (2) 4 : 279 (nee Isoplastus Horn, 1880, Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 8 : 277, 295 Coleoptera) ; Kieffer, 1911, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 14 : 364- Ablabesmyia Johannsen, 1905, Bui. N. Y. St. Mus. 86 : 135 ; Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 356. Nilotanypus Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 191. Tanypus (Meigen) Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 192. Psectrotanypus Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 202 (nee Kieffer, 1909, Bull. Soc. Metz 26 : 42). As stated in my 1953 paper I am following Edwards in the use of Pentaneura for this genus. The following definition is taken from Edwards : Wings densely hairy. Costa not or only very indistinctly produced ; R 2 normally present ; base of M 3 f 4 placed immediately beyond the posterior fork. Antennae of female with 11-13 segments. Pronotum more reduced than in other genera of the subfamily. No tarsal spurs. Pulvilli usually absent. Although this definition fits most species, one or two of the African species have the costa produced and in some the prothorax is not much smaller than in Anatopynia. This makes the two genera really only separable on the number of segments in the female antennae. However, it is desirable to keep the two genera separate because the larvae and pupae of Pentaneura differ from those of the rest of the subfamily, whilst those of Anatopynia tend to resemble the rest of the subfamily. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 21 Edwards divided the British species of Pentaneura into six groups and Johannsen has done the same with the North American species. Some of these groups seem to be very artificial when applied to the African fauna. I have found that the African species fall easily into two groups, which may well prove later to be of full generic status, though I am leaving them as subgenera until both sexes of P, annulator Goetgh. can be examined, as this species is to some extent intermediate. In all species of both groups the wings are densely clothed with macrotrichia and there is often a pattern formed by areas of light and dark macrotrichia. KEY TO SUBGENERA OF Pentaneura Tibiae without black rings, at the most there are brown markings above and below the knees ; prescutellar area not well defined, acrostichal bristles running across it ; male hypopygium usually without basal aedeagal structures, spine of style apical Pentaneura Philippi Tibiae with three or four well defined black rings (Text-fig. 8) ; prescutellar area sharply defined, more or less circular, acrostichal bristles diverging around it ; male hypo- pygium always with complex aedeagal structures, spine of style subapical (Text-fig. 10) Ablabesmyia Johannsen (Isoplastus Skuse) Pentaneura PHILIPPI SUBGENUS Pentaneura SENSU STRICTO Pentaneura Philippi, 1865 ; Edwards, 1929 (Groups B-F) ; Johannsen, 1946 (Groups B-F) ; Freeman, 1953 ( m part). Isoplastus Kieffer, 1911. Ablabesmyia Johannsen, 1905 (in part) ; Goetghebuer, 1935 (in part). Nilotanypus Kieffer, 1923. Psectrotanypus Kieffer, 1923. This subgenus includes Nilotanypus because of the connecting Palaearctic species P. longipalpis Goetghebuer. This is unfortunate because typical Nilotanypus species are easily recognized by their pubescent eyes and retracted costa, and might otherwise be separated off as a distinct genus. Most of the species have simple coxites in the male, but in a few species there are spiny lobes carried basally on the coxites ; none of the species known to me has the complex structures found in the subgenus Ablabesmyia. The other characters of the subgenus are given in the key above. All the small, pallid, unicolorous species belong here, and there are no doubt many more species to be discovered in Africa. Some of the species are much larger and markings on the wings are common. It is of interest to note that Kieffer only described one species belonging to this subgenus against more than a dozen belonging to the other subgenus, although the total number of species in Pentaneura is much greater than in Ablabesmyia. KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Pentaneura SENS. STR. 1. Tarsi with wide black rings in middle of basitarsus and at base of second segment, segments 3-5 black ........ annulator Goetghebuer Tarsi without rings ............ 2 2. Small species (wing length 0-75-1-4 mm.) with retracted costa (Text-fig. 7, d) and often hairy eyes ............ 3 Costa longer, ending beyond level of M 3+4 , eyes always bare ..... 5 22 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 3. Eyes bare ........ minimus Kieffer and micro, sp. n. Eyes hairy ............. 4 4. Macrotrichia covering wing densely ....... comata Freeman Macrotrichia confined to apex of wing in male and sparsely arranged in female remotissima Kieffer 5. Legs darkened at knees or at any rate femora with subapical brown ring, wings with markings ............ 6 Legs quite plain ............ 9 6. Wing membrane deeply stained beneath spot in middle of cell R 5 (Text-fig. 5, c) tinctoria sp. n. Wing membrane only very lightly stained beneath the spots .... 7 7. Small species (wing length 1-3 mm.) with black knees, wing markings as in Text-fig. 5, d . . . . . . . . . . . teesdalei sp. n. Larger species (wing length 1-8-3-8 mm.), femora with subapical ring ... 8 8. Wing pattern as in Text-fig. 5, a, with a broad fascia ; male hypopygial basal ap- pendages with lateral basal processes (Text-fig. 6, a) . . . . cygnus Kieffer Wing pattern as in Text-fig. 5, b, fascia narrower, obvious apical markings present ; male hypopygial appendages simple (Text-fig. 6, b) . , . trifascia Freeman 9. Wings with dark markings . . . . . \ IO Wings quite plain, unmarked even at the cross-vein . . . . . . 13 10. Wing markings confined to a small cloud over cross- vein . rutshuruiensis Goetghebuer Wing markings more extensive . . . . . . . . . . u 11. Wings with faint transverse grey band and grey at apex . interrupta Goetghebuer Wings with markings different from these ........ 12 12. Wings darker with pale markings (Text-fig. 5, e, f) . . . . . . 12 a Wings light with dark markings (Text-fig. 5, g) . . . . octomaculata Freeman I2a. Cell M x with only one pale area ..... nigromarmorata Goetghebuer Cell Mj with two pale areas ....... septemguttata sp. n. 13. Wing length over 3-0 mm. .......... 14 Wing length less than 3-0 mm. .......... 15 14. R 4+B ending before level of M 1+2 (Text-fig. 7, a) . . . . . edwardsi sp. n. R 4+5 ending beyond level of M 1+2 (Text-fig. 7, 6) . . . . . longinervis sp. n. 15. Hairs on posterior tibiae of male very long, sometimes one third length of tibia ; shoulders strongly pruinose ........ hirsuta sp. n. Hairs on posterior tibiae of male normal ; shoulders not strongly pruinose . . 16 1 6. Wing hairs dark and dense ; palpi of female as long as antennae . palpalis Goetghebuer Wing hairs light brown, palpi not noticeably longer than usual . . . . 17 17. Costa strongly produced ........... 18 Costa not produced ............ 19 1 8. Yellowish species, though thorax may have reddish stripes pallidissima Kieffer and uniformis Goetghebuer Species with dark brown pruinose thorax, abdomen also dark . aurantiaca Kieffer 19. Middle and posterior tibiae one and a half times length of femora ; segment 4 of male abdomen mainly pale ; wing hairs dense ..... longipes sp. n. Middle tibiae hardly longer than femora ; segment 4 of male abdomen with pale apical band only ; wing hairs normal ...... meilloni sp. n. Pentaneura (Pentaneura) annulator Goetghebuer Ablabesmyia annulator Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 357. I have seen no specimens of this species, but it should be easily recognizable because of the presence of black rings on at least the anterior tarsi, and at the apices of the tibiae the other tarsi are broken in the only specimen known ; the wings have A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHI RONOMID AE FIG. 5. Wings of Pentaneura sens, str., females, only areas of dark macrotrichia shown. (a) P. cygnus ; (b) P. trifascia ; (c) P. tinctoria ; (d) P. teesdalei ; (e) P. nigromarmorata ; (/) P. septemguttata ; (g) P. octomaculata, 24 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE nebulous spots, probably white on a dark background. It would be interesting to study a male and the prescutellar area to see whether it truly belongs to this subgenus. The following description is translated from the original description. Female. Length 2 mm. Mesonotum yellowish grey with abundant yellowish pubescence, scutellum yellow, sternopleuron brown black, postnotum black, abdomen black with yellow pubescence ; femora grey, extremity whitish ; tibiae white with the extremity black ; anterior basitarsus white with a central black ring (the figure also shows a narrow black apex) ; second tarsal segment white, basally black ; segments 3-5 black ; halteres greyish. Antennae 12-segmented, 3-11 ovoid, the last as long as the two preceding together. Anterior tibiae hardly longer than the basitarsus, posterior tarsi broken, posterior legs with long hairs. Wings very hairy, macro- trichia black, with nebulous spots, of which one large spot is in the second half of the wing in cells R 5 , M 1+2 and M 3+4 , other spots are in the basal half ; r-m black ; costa not produced. Type locality, BELGIAN CONGO : Escarpement Kabasha, Giambi. Pentaneura (Pentaneura) cygnus Kieffer Psectrotanypus cygnus Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 203. This species is readily recognizable by the structure of the male hypopygium, which agrees quite closely with Kieffer's figure. This and the following species belong to a small group which includes some Palaearctic and Nearctic species (e.g. pallidula Meigen andflavifrons Johannsen) and which is characterized by the presence of paired hairy or spiny processes between the coxites and by the stout curved styles, slightly swollen near the apex. In cygnus the hairy processes are produced laterally at their bases ; in addition it is a much paler insect than trifascia the thoracic background is whiter and the wing markings are different. Male. Wing length 1-8-2-2 mm. Head and mouthparts pale yellow, antennae and face brown; A.R. about 1-5. Thorax with whitish background especially on shoulders and prescutellar area ; mesonotal stripes, postnotum and sternopleuron yellowish brown, stripes more or less fused, hairs pale. Legs quite pale, femora slightly darkened subapically, tibial hairs moderately long. Wings with pattern of dark macrotrichia as shown in Text-fig. 5, a ; in some specimens there is an additional area of dark hairs at the apex of cell R 5 . Halteres white. Abdomen white, segments 2-5 with brown basal rings and a brown median area in the basal half which is not always well marked, segments 6-8 with only the apices white, hypopygium white. Hypopygial structure as in Text-fig. 6, a, basal spiny processes produced laterally at their bases, style rather swollen near the apex. Female. Very similar to male in colour and pattern ; abdomen whitish, each segment brown at the base. I have seen no type material ; type locality, ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN : Shambe. DISTRIBUTION. ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN : i <$, Khartoum, x . 1951 and 4 <, A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 25 Wad Medani, 11.1952 (D. J. Lewis) ; 5$, 12 $, at light on Nile steamer between Melut and Shambe, 17-22. xi. 53 (E. T. M. Reid}. GOLD COAST: i $., Kpong, iv.i922 (/. W. S. Macfie}; 3 7 ?> Giant's Castle Camp, Drakensburg, 18-30. ix. 53 (A. D. Harrison). CAPE PROVINCE: 2 ?, Tulbagh Barrage, i7.xi.53 (K. M. F. Scott). S. W. AFRICA: 17 ?, Kaokoveldt, Ohopoho, 4. 1.51 (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.). Pentaneura (Pentaneura) tinctoria sp. n. Easily distinguished from the other species with slight darkening at the knees because the wing membrane is deeply stained beneath some of the spots ; male styles not unlike those of P. cygnus but basal coxite appendages absent. Male. Wing length 2-5 mm. Head brownish yellow, mouthparts darker brown, antennae pale, scape dark, A.R. i-i. Thorax brown, shoulders and scutellum yellow, lines of bristles and prescu- tellar area pruinose. Legs pale brown or yellowish, femora and tibiae slightly darkened above and below the knees, L.R. about 1-5. Wings (Text-fig. 5, c of female) with spots of black macrotrichia as shown, but with some of the spots, particularly the one in the middle of cell R 5 , the membrane is deeply stained so that the spot is readily visible even if the macrotrichia are abraded. Halteres white. Abdomen with segments 1-5 whitish pruinose, each with a darker basal band which is progres- sively wider until it occupies about half of segment 5 ; remainder of abdomen dark. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 6, c) with styles not unlike those of cygnus, coxites with a small basal lobe and hair patch but without large appendages. Female. Quite similar to male in colour and pattern, except for abdomen which is brown, each segment pruinose on apical half. Holotype, male, in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. NATAL : holotype male and 2 $ paratypes, Mooi River, Rosetta, 30.ix.53 (A. D. Harrison). Pentaneura (Pentaneura} teesdalei sp. n. A very small pale species, readily distinguished from all other African species known to me by the wing pattern, dark knees, and abdominal pattern. Male. Wing length 1-3 mm. Head, mouthparts, antennae pale yellow, scape brown, A.R. 1-2. Thorax pale yellow with brown stripes, postnotum and sternopleuron. Legs very pale, narrowly blackened at the knees, hairs moderately developed. Wings (Text-fig. 5, d) with macrotrichia arranged as shown. Halteres white. Abdomen white with black bands occupying basal halves of segments 3 and 4, segment 2 very narrowly dark at the base, 6 and 7 more or less darkened. Hypopygium very similar to that of P. nigromarmorata (Text-fig. 6, d) . Female. Similar to male in colour except for abdomen which is pale with a dark mark on each segment ; antennae i2-segmented. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 27 Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. KENYA : holotype male and 12 <$, 13 $ paratypes, Kitui, 29 . vi . 53 (C. T. Teesdale}. Pentaneura (Pentaneura) rutshuruiensis Goetghebuer Ablabesmyia rutshuruiensis Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 362. A small pale insect, male with narrow dark markings on abdomen ; a small cloud over cross-vein distinguishes it from other African species. Male. Wing length 1-8 mm. Head yellowish, pedicel brown, A.R. i-o. Thorax yellowish brown, mesonotal stripes brown, central one divided, intervening areas pruinose, bristles brown. Legs translucent yellowish brown, L.R. 0-7, posterior tibia one and a half times as long as femur, tibia clothed with long hairs, pulvilli absent. Wings hyaline, cross- vein darkened and surrounded by a small cloud ; membrane clothed fairly densely and evenly with dark macrotrichia which are absent from upper basal cell and base of cell R 5 , venation as in P. meilloni, costa reaching to just beyond level of M 3+4 . Halteres white. Abdomen white, segment i with a dark mark each side, segments 2-7 with dark rings occupying more or less the basal third, segment 8 pale, hypo- pygium dark and simple, hairs pale. Female. Very similar to male, abdomen unicolorous yellowish brown ; antennae 12-segmented. Holotype female in Musee Royal du Congo Beige, paratype in British Museum. Type locality, BELGIAN CONGO, Rutshuru. DISTRIBUTION. BELGIAN CONGO : 4 <, 2 $, Rutshuru (de Wulf and de Witte}. CAPE PROVINCE : 5 normally with black spots at the apices of Rj, R 2+3 , and R 4+6 , female antenna with 12 segments. . . dusoleili Goetghebuer Smaller species, wing length 1-3-1-6 mm., black spots at apices of R x and R 4+5 only, female antenna with 1 1 segments ....... pictipes Kieffer Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia) digitata Kieffer Tanypus digitatus Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 193. I have seen no specimens of this small species, but it should be easy to recognize because of the produced costa and pale wings. The following is a summary of its characters taken from Kieffer's description. Female. Length i mm. Antennae 12 segmented ; thoracic bands and markings yellowish ; wings pale (? abraded), proximal third slightly greyish, a grey spot at apex of R 2+3 ; costa produced for about length of r-m cross- vein ; femora with two black rings, one at the middle, the other subapical ; tibiae black with three narrow white rings ; anterior tibial spur dentate, with five free teeth, the middle one twice as long as the others. Type locality, FRENCH CAMEROONS : Kribi. Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia) subrecta Kieffer Tanypus subrectus Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 199. I have seen no specimens of this species which was described from a female 1-5 mm. long. According to Kieffer's description it should not be difficult to recognize because the wings (? abraded) have no markings except for a grey spot at the apex of R 2+3 . Antennae 12-segmented, G^ not strongly curved, femora with two black rings one at the middle and one subapical, tibiae black with three narrow white rings. Type locality, FRENCH CAMEROONS : Kribi. Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia} nilotica Kieffer Tanypus niloticus Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 200. ? Tanypus congoensis Kieffer, 1923, Ibid. 92 : 198. ? Tanypus kribiensis Kieffer, 1923, Ibid. 92 : 202. Ablabesmyia tricolor Goetghebuer, 1935, R ev - Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 363 (SYN. NOV.). A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 37 This species is recognized by the cross-banded thorax, heavily banded legs and dark wings. The description given by Kieffer of niloticus mentions the pale anterior third of the mesonotum and the four bands on tibiae and femora ; there seems to be doubt that this is an earlier description of the species later described by Goetghebuer under the name tricolor. Under T. congoensis Kieffer mentions the dark wings with many poorly defined pale spots and the dark legs, though in his specimens the tibiae were black with two white rings beyond the middle (there is an error in his key at couplet 7, the names FIG. 8. Thorax and legs of Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia). (a) thorax of female P. niloticus ; (b) posterior leg of male P. appendiculata ; (c) the same of P. nilotica ; (d) the same of P. melaleuca. congoensis and bicinctus should be interchanged) . I have a series of females from the southern Anglo-Egyptian Sudan not unlike this description in colour, but the specimens are much smaller ; I am tentatively identifying them as niloticus until I can examine a male, although the thoracic pattern is not very typical. The description given by Kieffer of kribiensis is poor, but he mentions the grey wing colour with numerous pale spots and the presence of three dark rings on the femur and four on the tibia which suggests that it is another description of niloticus. Male. Wing length 1-8-2-3 mm - Head, mouthparts and pedicel brown, flagellum paler, A.R. 1-5. Thorax pruinose and with cross-banded appearance (Text-fig. 8, a) ; anterior third pale, remainder either more or less uniformly dark or with the dark area only present as a transverse stripe, as shown in the figure ; remainder of thorax brown. Legs with four dark rings on both femora and tibiae (Text-fig. 8, c), usually more or less as shown, but widths of rings variable to some extent, basal ring of tibia always long (cf. that of appendiculatus) ; markings of tarsi as in appendiculatus. Wings (Text-fig. 9, a] with dark macrotrichia arranged in a mottled pattern ; darker markings are present over 38 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE r-m cross- vein and as a band at level of apical section of R 2+3 . Halteres whitish. Abdomen with segments 1-5 mainly white, segments 6-8 dark with white incisures ; segments 2-5 dark along lateral margins and with a double banded appearance due to the extension towards the centre of the ends of these dark markings ; anterior dark extension may reach across as a complete band, posterior one does not ; inci- sures of these segments pale. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 10, a) with characteristic coxites which tend to appear transverse, basal structures not everted in any of the specimens at my disposal, but appear to be different from dusoleili and appendiculatus; apical portion of style not strongly expanded, bristle pointed. Female. Resembles male in pattern, but is darker and more contrasted in colouring. Abdomen dark, apices of segments paler, antennae i2-segmented. I have not seen any of the types of the species listed ; the types of Kieffer's species appear to be lost, that of tricolor is in Musee Royal du Congo Beige. Type locality of niloticus is ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN, Shambe ; of congoensis is BELGIAN CONGO, District Uelle, Go ; of kribiensis is FRENCH CAMEROONS, Kribi ; of tricolor is BELGIAN CONGO, Pare National Albert, Vitshumbi. DISTRIBUTION. ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN: i ., Khartoum, 1.1923 (S. Hirst}; i J, Wad Medani, ii.i952 (D. ]. Lewis) ; I g, Khartoum, 24.1.53 (D. J. Lewis] ; i <$, Adok, 2i.xi.53 (E. T. M. Reid). NIGERIA : 2 ?, Mokwa, 27.ix.og (Mayer) ; 1 $, Gadau, ii.i933 (Buxton & Lewis) ; 2 $, Onishta (Anderson). BELGIAN CONGO : 2 d*, 5 ? Pare National Albert, vi-ix-1935 (H. Damas). TANGANYIKA : i $, Kibanga 7.V.27 (C. Christy). S. W. AFRICA : 5 $, Kaokoveldt, Ohopoho 4.vi.5i (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.) Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia) melaleuca Goetghebuer Ablabesmyia melaleuca Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 360. Wings with fewer markings than in some other species and without well marked black spots on the costa, femora with one black ring, tibiae with three, coxites of male hypopygium angled at the base. Specimens in which the spot in cell M 1+2 is poorly developed resemble rufus Kieffer, which may thus be an earlier name for this species. Male. Wing length 2-5 mm. Head, mouthparts and pedicel brown, flagellum paler, plumes yellowish, A.R, 1-75. Thorax with blackish brown stripes separated by pruinosity, hairs yellowish, remainder of thorax blackish brown. Legs (Text-fig. 8, d) ; femora with subapical dark ring, tibiae with three rings, tarsi as in appendiculatus. Wings paler than in most species, with black spots on r-m cross-vein and base of posterior fork but with none on costa ; dark macrotrichia arranged as shown in Text-fig. 9, b, but individual spots may be greater or smaller in different specimens, spot in centre of cell M 1+2 seems sometimes to be absent. Halteres white. Abdomen with segments 1-5 white with variable amount of darker marking, remainder dark. Hypopygium as in Text-fig. 10, c ; basal coxite structure not expanded in my specimens, but may be like niloticus though smaller, coxites with well marked angle at base, apex of style longer than in other species, not unlike that of niloticus- A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 39 Female. Wing length of available specimens only 2 mm. Antennae i2-segmented, coloration similar to male except for the abdomen which is dark with the segments only obscurely paler at their apices. FIG. 9. Wings of females of Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia) , areas of dark macrotrichia only indicated, (a) P. nilotica ; (b) P. melaleuca ; (c) P. appendiculata ; (d) P. dusoleili ; (e) P. pictipes. I have not seen the holotype, which is a male in Musee Royal du Congo Beige Type locality, BELGIAN CONGO, Uganda, Numasgali. DISTRIBUTION. SIERRA LEONE : i $, Waterloo, vii. 1924 (A. Blacklock). GOLD COAST : i <, 2$, Ashanti, Obuasi (W. M, Graham). NIGERIA : i <$, Onitsha, 4 o A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE X.IQ32 (Anderson). BELGIAN CONGO: i $, Likimi, i6.xii.27 (A. Collart) ; i $, " Congo." Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia) rufa Kieffer Tanypus rufus Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 197. I have seen no specimens of this species, which was described from a female 1-5 mm. long. The important features of the species are the wing markings, of which the following summary is taken from the original description : there are three black spots, one on r-m, one at the fork of R 2+3 , the third at the apex of R 4+5 ; there are two grey spots in cell R 4+5 , two in the anal cell and two in the posterior fork, one being along the posterior branch and the other at the apex of M 3+4 . Each femur has a black ring at the apex, whilst there are four black rings on the anterior tibia, the other tibiae have three only. As already noted, there is a certain resemblance to some specimens which I have placed in melaleuca, and it may prove to be an earlier name for that species. Owing to the great variability it is not possible to be more precise until hypopygia have been examined of specimens agreeing with the description. Type locality FRENCH CAMEROONS, Kribi. The holotype appears to be lost. Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia) appendiculata Kieffer Tanypus appendiculatus Keiffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 201. ? Tanypus bicinctus Kieffer, 1923, Ibid. 92 : 198. Ablabesmyia collarti Goetghebuer, 1935, R ev - Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 358 (SYN. NOV.). Very similar to P. dusoleili but spots at apex of cell R 4+5 usually superposed and costal margin without three distinct black spots, femora with two or three well denned black rings, tibiae usually with four. According to Kieffer's description, T. bicinctus has fewer wing spots, there being only two superposed ones in cell R 4+5 ; it is difficult to be certain of its placing with the material at my disposal. Male. Wing length 2-2-3-3 mm. Head and thorax as in P. dusoleili (see below). Legs (Text-fig. 8, b) with broader bands than in dusoleili, femora with at least two and usually three bands which vary greatly in width and position even on different legs on the same specimen ; the basal one is often broader than shown and in the basal half of the femur ; tibiae with four bands, remainder as shown. Wings with variable markings but usually as shown in Text-fig. 9, c ; costa with dark macrotrichia at level of r-m which is darkened, and at apices of R x and R 4+5 , but without three distinct spots ; cell R 4+5 with large spot which is more or less quadrate and with two pairs of superposed spots in apical half; remainder of markings not unlike dusoleili. Halteres white. Abdomen: segment i white, 2-4 or 5 white with lateral margins brown, brown colour extends inwards anteriorly and posteriorly on each segment, but incisures broadly pale, apical segments dark. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 10, b) differs from dusoleili in the smoother outline of the coxites ; basal median sclerite more V-shaped, basal aedeagal structure not expanded in any of my specimens, but probably similar to dusoleili, style also similar, apex perhaps more expanded. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 41 Female. Similar to male, except for abdomen which is dark with apices of segments narrowly pale. I have seen no type material. The types of appendiculatus and bicinctus appear to be lost ; locality of the former FRENCH CAMEROONS, Kribi, of the latter BELGIAN CONGO, Uelle, Go. The type of collarti is in Musee Royal du Congo Beige (type locality, BELGIAN CONGO, Stanleyville). DISTRIBUTION. ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN : i <$, Melut, I7.xi.53 (E. T. M. Reid}. NIGERIA : i ?, Katagum (C. E. S. Watson) ; i ?, Ibi (/. M. Pollard}. GOLD COAST : i ?, Accra, vii.i9i6 and i ?, Oblogo, 25.xii.2o (/. W. S. Macfie} ; i sex?, Kete Krachi, I2.x.g8. UGANDA: i ?, Kaduku Lango, 2g.vi.ii (R. E. McConnell) ; 3 c?, 3 ?, Lake Bunyori, i.viii.32 (G. H. E. Hopkins) ; i <, Entebbe, n.v.35 (C. B. Symes) ; i ?, L. Victoria (W. W. MacDonald}. BELGIAN CONGO : i ?, Yambinga, g.iv.04 (Button & Todd} ; i <$, Stanleyville (Mouchet} ; i <$, Kwango Prov., Muela, I5.X.37 (A. Duren). NYASALAND : i ?, Dedza Distr., vii.igis (/. B. Davey}. TRANSVAAL : i <$, Kruger National Park, Letaba, I.Y.SI (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.}. NATAL: i c, 7 ?, Tugela and Mooi Rivers, 22-30. ix. 53 (A. D. Harrison) . Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia) dusoleili Goetghebuer Pelopia months var. Kieffer, 1914, Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 10 : 268. Ablabesmyia dusoleili Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 359. Pentaneura dusoleili Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Land. (B) 22 : 128. This species is extremely similar to the Palaearctic species P. monilis Linn., but there are hypopygial differences which suggest that the species are distinct. I have not examined the type, but I have seen material of the species, borrowed from the Musee Royal du Congo Beige, collected at the same time and place as the holotype but not studied by Goetghebuer. In addition, Dr. Benoit has very kindly confirmed the presence of wing markings in the holotype which Goetghebuer omitted in his figure of the wing. It is a common and variable species, varying both in size and extent and darkness of the wing pattern. It can be separated in the typical form from all other African species known to me by the three black spots at the apices of R x , R 2+3 , and R 4+5 . The wings are strongly mottled, femora with a dark apical or subapical ring and often with a white ring basal to this ; closely resembles P. monilis, but male coxites with pronounced basal rounded swelling, longest aedeagal process blunt ended (this is pointed in monilis), also the median internal strut is wider than in monilis. Male. Wing length 2-0-3-5 mm. Head, mouthparts and pedicel blackish brown, flagellnm paler, A.R. about 2. Thorax with greyish brown stripes ; shoulders, lines of bristles, prescutellar area heavily pruinose ; bristles whitish ; scutellum pale or dark brown, postnotum and pleura largely blackish. Legs very like those of melaleuca (Text-fig. 8, d), femora usually only dark at apex, or just below to apex, but sometimes basal two-thirds obscurely darkened as well, and then there is a white ring just basal to the apical dark band ; tibiae either with three bands much as in melaleuca, or with an extra A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE FIG. jo. Male hypopygia of Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia). (a) P. nilotica ; (b) P. appendiculata (c) P. melaleuca ; (d) P. pictipes ; (e) P. dusoleili. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 43 small basal band as in appendiculata (Text-fig. 8, b), widths of all bands variable ; basitarsus with a narrow band just basal to the middle and an apical black band, segments 2-4 black apically (as in Text-fig. 8, b of appendiculata). Wings (Text- fig. 9, d of female) with black markings on r-m cross- vein, posterior fork and apices of Rj, R 2+3 , and R 4+5 ; remainder of wing markings variable but usually there are dark macrotrichia arranged more or less as shown ; the large spot in cell R 4+5 has quite a characteristic shape with an apical extension to its anterior edge. Halteres white." Abdomen with segments 1-5 white with some dark markings laterally on each segment, segments 6-7 dark, 8 and styles paler. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 10, e) with basal structures as shown, coxites with rounded basal prominence ; the main arm of the basal structures is straight and blunt ended ; styles with enlarged and fluted apex, bristle truncate and with three small hairs at apex. Female. Very similar to male in pattern and colouring, except for the abdomen which is dark with the extreme apical margin paler ; antennae either i2-segmented or with the basal flagellar segment indistinctly divided to make 13. Holotype female in Musee Royal du Congo Beige ; type locality BELGIAN CONGO, Uganda, Namasagali. DISTRIBUTION. EGYPT: 3 $, Moascar, iii-iv.42 (/. W. S. Macfie). ANGLO- EGYPTIAN SUDAN: i ?, nr. Assuan, 1923 (S. Hirst); 4 $, Khartoum, iv.i952 (D. J. Lewis) ; 21 ?, Melut, Tonga and Shambe. 17-22. xi. 53 (E. T. M. Reid). DAHOMEY: i$, Djougou, 28.V.54 (/. Ramon}. ABYSSINIA: 2 ?, Waldia, i.i936 (/. W. S. Macfie). KENYA: i $, Nairobi, 1^.1924 (van Someren). BELGIAN CONGO: 3 ?, Uganda, Namasagali, i6.iv.29 ( du Soleil) ; 2 $, Elisabethville, 24 . xii . 38 (H. J. Bredo) ; i ?, Kalondo (Kivu) , viii .53. S. RHODESIA : i ?, Salisbury, i . 1900 (G. A . K. Marshall] ; i $, Melsetter ii . 1929. TRANSVAAL : i ?, Johannesburg, v.1930 (B. de Meillon). NATAL: i ?, Estcourt, ix-x.iSgd (G. A. K. Marshall) ; i $, Weenen, iii.1925 (H. P. Thomasset) ; 13 <$, 2 $, Bushman's and Mooi Rivers, 22-30. ix. 53 (A. D. Harrison}. CAPE PROVINCE : Berg River, numerous examples (K. M. F. Scott). Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia) dusoleili ? var. There are some specimens from South Africa which have wing markings and male hypopygium extremely similar to normal dusoleili but in which there are black spots at the tips of R x and R 4+5 only. These may be a distinct species or only a variety. DISTRIBUTION. TRANSVAAL: i $, Kruger National Park, 6.v.5i (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.}. NATAL : 1^,1$, Estcourt, 22.ix.53, i $, Newcastle, 23.ix.53, i <$, Colenso, 22.ix.53 (all coll. A. D. Harrison) ; 2 ?, Ladismith, 4.i.5i (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.). CAPE PROVINCE : Berg River, series of both sexes (K. M. F. Scott). Pentaneura (Ablabesmyia) pictipes Kieffer Tanypus pictipes Kiefifer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 194. Tanypus variiforceps Kieffer, 1923, Ibid. 92 : 195 (SYN. NOV.). Tanypus marginatus Kieffer, 1923, Ibid. 92 : 196 (SYN NOV.). Tanypus reductus Kieffer, 1923, Ibid. 92 : 196 (SYN. NOV.). Tanypus contracticornis Kieffer, 1925, Bull. Soc. R, ent. Egypte, 1924 : 311 (SYN. NOV.). 44 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE This species differs from all others known to me from Africa by the short female antennae, which have n segments only. All the species mentioned in the synonymy were described from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan or from Egypt, all were described as having only n segments in the female antennae, and the differences between them seem to be very superficial. I am therefore regarding them as redescriptions of the same species. It is a small insect with black spots at the apices of Rj and R 4+5 as well as at the cross- vein, male abdomen uniformly brown, longest aedeagal arm pointed. Male. Wing length 1-3-1-6 mm. Head, mouthparts brown, pedicel blackish, flagellum pale, A.R. 1-5. Thorax mottled with pruinosity, stripes blackish, scutellum pale, remainder dark. Legs ringed ; femur with subapical dark ring and usually, though not always, traces of at least one ring or band on the basal half ; tibiae with three rings only, as shown in Text-fig, of melaleuca ; tarsal rings as in appendiculata (Text-fig. 8, b) but segment 4 only about one and a half times as long as 5. Wings (Text-fig. 8, e) rather blunt- ended and with black markings over r-m cross-vein, base of posterior fork and apices of R! and R 4+5 ; other markings due to black macrotrichia as shown in Text-figure ; costa ending only a little beyond level of apex of M 3+4 . Halteres white. Abdomen uniformly brown without white markings. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 10, d) with broad short coxites which are swollen basally ; main arm of basal aedeagal structure pointed ; apex of style disc-like and striated, bristle pointed, style itself short and bent. Female. Antennae short, segments moniliform and n in number ; remainder of insect very like the male. The types of Kieffer's species all seem to be lost. T. pictipes, variiforceps, and reductus were all described from Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Shambe ; marginatus from Sudan, between Wad el Zaki and Shabasha Shary ; contracticornis from Egypt, Cairo. DISTRIBUTION. ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN : series of both sexes taken at light at Khartoum and Wad Medani, ii.ig52 (D. J. Lewis) and Melut, I7.xi.53 (E. T. M. Reid}. KENYA : i $, Kisumu, 13^.35 (C. B. Symes). Genus ANATOPYNIA Johannsen Anatopynia Johannsen, 1905, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 86 : 135 ; Edwards, 1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Land. 77 : 297. Psectrotanypus Kiefier, 1909, Bull. Soc. Metz 26, 42 nee Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 202 (see Pentaneura cygnus). Macropelopia Thienemann, 1916, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 2 : 497. Wing membrane clothed with macrotrichia ; costa strongly produced ; R 2 present and distinct ; basal section of M 3+4 present and posterior fork just basal to this as in Pentaneura ; antennae of female 15-segmented ; pulvilli present or absent. Of the four African species known to me schwetzi and marmorata are similar to the Palaearctic species allied to A. nebulosa Meigen (group or subgenus Macropelopia Tnm.). The other two species are not so typical and have plain unmarked wings ; they do not fall into the groups recognized by Edwards. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHI RONOMI D AE 45 KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Anatopynia 1. Wings plain and unmarked .......... 2 Wings with patches of dark macrotrichia on the membrane ..... 3 2. Small blackish species (wing length 2 mm.) ; L.R. 0-75 ; pulvilli absent unicolor Freeman Larger greenish species (wing length 3 mm.) ; L.R. i-o ; pulvilli present petersi sp. n. 3. Wing pattern as in Text-fig, n, a ; knees broadly darkened . . . schwetzi sp. n. Wing pattern as in Text -fig. n, b ; knees hardly darkened . . . marmorata sp. n. Anatopynia schwetzi sp. n. A perfectly typical species of the genus, belonging to the group Macropelopia, separated from A . marmorata by the larger size and arrangement of dark macrotrichia in cell R 4+5 ; knees broadly darkened, pulvilli absent. Male. Wing length 4 mm. Head brown, mouthparts and scape darkened, flagellum and plumes pale, A.R. 1-8. Thorax with blackish stripes, shoulders, lines of bristles and prescutellar area yellowish brown and pruinose, two patches of pruinosity just in front of scutellum are particularly conspicuous ; prothorax, scutellum, postnotum yellowish brown, pleura blackish. Legs pale, knees broadly darkened, tips of tibiae also dark, anterior tibia one and a quarter times as long as femur, L.R. 0-6, pulvilli absent. Wings with dark macrotrichia arranged as in Text-fig, n, a of the female, but pattern not so sharply defined ; membrane stained in the areas shown shaded ; costa produced, R 2+3 ending beyond M 3+4 . Halteres white. Abdomen brown, clothed with long hairs laterally and short ones dorsally, segments translucent, styles simple. Female. Resembles male but wing pattern (Text-fig, n, a) stronger, with staining beneath the dark macrotrichia, deeper where shaded ; antennae with 15 segments. Holotype male and i female paratype, BELGIAN CONGO, Ruanda Urundi (/. Schwetz) in British Museum ; i further female paratype UGANDA, Kabale, vii.ig32 (G. H. E. Hopkins). Anatopynia marmorata sp. n. Smaller than schwetzi ; wings mottled, membrane more deeply stained beneath the dark macrotrichia ; knees not strongly darkened ; R 2+3 ending above M 3+4 . Male. Wing length 3 mm. Head and mouthparts brown, antennae paler, A.R. 1-5. Thorax brown, stripes outlined by pruinosity on shoulders and along lines of bristles. Legs pale yellowish, femora brown apically, tibiae slightly so basally, proportions of front legs as in schwetzi pulvilli absent. Wings (Text-fig, n, b of female) marbled with patches of light and dark macrotrichia, membrane more heavily stained in the dark areas than it is in schwetzi ; R 2+3 ending at same level as apex of M 3+4 . Halteres yellow. Abdomen with segments 1-4 whitish, with posterior third of each of segments 2-4 brown, terminal segments brown. Female. Very similar to male, thorax darker, abdomen all brown ; antennae i5-segmented. Holotype female and 2 female paratypes, CAPE PROVINCE: Ceres, iv.iQ25 (R. E. Turner) in British Museum. Other paratypes : CAPE PROVINCE : i ^, Cape Tradower Pass, 4.1.51 and i$, " Cape " (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.). 4 6 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Anatopynia unicolor Freeman Anatopynia unicolor Freeman, 1954, P?oc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 23 : 172. This species was originally described from a single male in which the postnotal furrow was hardly visible. The Swedish South Africa Expedition collected a female which appears to correspond to the other sex. This female has i5-segmented antennae, and the postnotal furrow is better developed than in the male. A small dark species without any markings on either wings or body ; postnotal furrow reduced, especially in the male ; pulvilli absent ; costa produced, r-m rather long. Male. Wing length 2-0 mm. FIG. ii. Wings of female Anatopynia, only areas of dark macro trichia shown, (a) A. schwetzi ; (b) A . marmorata. Head blackish, palpi rather short, eyes bare, antennae with well developed plumes, A.R. i-o. Thorax black, pruinose, prothorax not as large as in some species of Anatopynia, scutellum brown, postnotum in the only known male with reduced longitudinal furrow which is only just distinguishable under a high power. Legs brown, unmarked, L.R. 0-75, pulvilli absent, empodium well developed and long. Wings unmarked, densely covered with macrotrichia over most of their surface ; costa produced, reaching nearly half way to M, R 2+3 well developed and forked, r-m long. Halteres yellow. Abdomen uniformly dark, hypopygium normal, styles simple, tapered and with a single apical spine. Female. Very similar to the male in colour and wing venation ; antennae 15- segmented, postnotal furrow readily visible, L.R. 0-6. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : i <$, Berg River, Assegaibos Waterfall, 23 . xii . 52 (K. M. F. Scott) (type locality) ; i $, Upper Berg River, 4.vii.5i (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.). A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 47 Anatopynia petersi sp. n. This species is in some ways intermediate between Anatopynia and Pentaneura, but as the costa is strongly produced I have placed it in the former. The prothorax is rather reduced, but there seems to be no clear-cut distinction between the two genera in this character. When a female can be examined, the segmentation of the antennae may show more firmly into which genus it should really be placed. Thorax greenish with yellow-brown markings, abdomen green, segments 2-5 with dark bands, L.R. i-o, wings unmarked. Separated from A. unicolor by the larger size, paler colour, greater L.R. and presence of pulvilli. Male. Wing length 3 mm. Head green, palpi well developed, dark green ; pedicel dark brown, A.R. 2-0. Thorax green with yellow-brown stripes, sternopleuron and postnotum ; bristles long and brown ; prothorax rather reduced for Anatopynia. Legs greenish, L.R. I'D, pulvilli well developed. Wings clear and unmarked, fairly thickly clothed with macrotrichia ; costa produced for about one third of distance to M. Halteres green. Abdomen green, segments 2-5 with a pale brown transverse band in the basal half, apical segments darker ; bristles long and dark. Hypopygium with simple coxites and styles; coxites with two inner denser patches of setae, styles flattened in apical half, with well developed setae and an apical spine which is longer and thinner than usual. Female. Not known. Holotype male, TANGANYIKA : Njombe, 6-6,500 ft., 7.1.52 (W. Peters] in British Museum. Paratype, BELGIAN CONGO: i <$, Elizabethville, ij.xii.38 (H. ]. Bredo) in Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Genus TANYPUS Meigen. Tanypus Meigen, 1803, Illiger's Mag., 2 : 261 ; Edwards, 1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Land. 77 : 299 ; Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 353. Protenthes Johannsen, 1907, Ent. News 18 : 400 ; Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 187. Trichotanypus Kieffer, 1913, Voy. Alluaud Jeannel Afr. Or., Ins. Dipt. 1 : 13 (nee Kieffer, 1906, Ann. Soc. sci. Brux. 30 : 319). I am using this genus in the sense used by Edwards and Goetghebuer. As there is some confusion as to which of the originally included species should be considered as the type of the genus it is probable that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should be asked to pronounce an Opinion placing Tanypus on the Official list of generic names. Wings with macrotrichia on the membrane, costa produced, posterior fork distal to base of M 3+4 , but this distance less than one-third as long as Cuj. Pronotum conspicuous, mesonotum without acrostichal bristles but with an oval sharply denned tubercle at the end of the median stripe and immediately before the prescu- tellar area ; this tubercle is pubescent in the African species. Fourth tarsal segment cylindrical, pulvilli absent. Female antennae i3-i5-segmented. Kieffer and Goetghebuer have described five species and one variety belonging to this genus. I have been able to recognize all of these in the collections at my disposal. 48 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Two of Goetghebuer's species are synonyms of species earlier described by Kieffer, and I have raised the variety to the rank of species ; no new species are known to me from Africa. All the four species which I am recognizing are quite typical members of the genus and resemble T any pus punctipennis Meigen, the Palaearctic species which is the type of the genus according to Edwards. KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Tanypus 1. Thorax reddish brown dorsally with lateral margins broadly yellow or creamy ; female antennae with 13 segments ...... brevipalpis Kieffer Thorax fairly uniformly dark brown or blackish without pale margin ... 2 2. Wing spots extended and coalesced (PI. I, fig. d) ; a small dark species ; no row of spots along costa ; female antenna with 14 segments .... fuscus nom. nov. Wing spots more discrete ; costa with row of spots ; female antenna with 15 segments 3 3. Posterior fork cell clear at the base (PI. I, fig. b), r-m usually with slight darkening only .......... guttatipennis Goetghebuer Fork cell clouded basally (PI. I, fig. a), r-m with large cloud . . . lacustris Kieffer Tanypus lacustris Kieffer Trichotanypus lacustris Kieffer, 1913, Voy. Alluaud Jeannel Afr. Or. Ins. Dipt. 1 : 13. Tanypus maculosipennis Goetghebuer, 1934, R BV - Zool. Bot. Afr. 25 : 194 (SYN. NOV.). Wings heavily spotted, tendency for spots to coalesce at level of apex of R 2+3 and around cross- vein ; anterior wing margin with six or seven well marked black spots, posterior fork with spot at base often filling base ; palpi short but segments twice as long as broad ; thorax brownish black. This species is very similar to guttatipennis, in fact the latter may be only a pale form of it. It seems best separated by the presence of a dark spot at the base of the posterior fork ; this spot is variable in size, as are most of the other spots. Male. Wing length 2-75 mm. Head brown, mouthparts reduced but larger than in brevipalpis ; palpi with seg- ments about twice as long as broad ; antennae brown, pedicel blackish, A.R. 1-75. Thorax brownish black, scutellum paler and with a dark line down its centre, meso- notal stripes indicated by pruinosity. Legs pale, femora with two dark rings, one at the apex and one below separated by a pale ring ; tibiae dark basally and more narrowly at the apex ; each tarsal segment dark at the apex ; L.R. 0-8, anterior tarsi bearded. Wings with pattern of spots similar to female (PI. I, fig. a), but spots not so large ; spots at level of R 2 +3 and r-m have a tendency to fuse or at any rate are larger, costal margin with 6-7 spots, posterior fork with a spot in the basal angle which often includes a pale area. Halteres brown. Abdomen blackish brown, segments paler at their apices. Female. Similar to the male but wing markings more intense and spots blacker (PI. I, fig. a] ; antennae with 15 segments. I have examined the series of cotypes of T. lacustris in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris ; type locality, KENYA, Naivasha. I have not seen the type of T. maculosipennis which is in Musee Royal du Congo Beige. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 49 DISTRIBUTION. . UGANDA: i $, Kampala, 2I.V.26 (G. L. R. Hancock}; i <$, Kampala, 24.xi.27 (H. Hargreaves) ; 4 $, 3 , L. Victoria (JF. JF. Macdonald). KENYA : series of cotypes, Naivasha (Alluaud < Jeannel] ; 3 ^, 2 $, Nairobi, vii.ig24 (yaw Someren). NIGERIA: i $, Ibadan, I2.vii.i3 (W. A. Lamborri). FRENCH W. AFRICA: i <$, Haute Volta, Bobo-Dioulassa, 3o.iii.54 (/. Ramon}. BELGIAN CONGO : i $ t 10 ?, Kivu, Kalondo, viii.1935 (H. Damas}. NYASALAND : I ?, Zomba (#. 5. Stannus). NATAL : i <$, i $, Bushman's River, Estcourt, 22.ix.53 (.4. Z). Harrison). Tanypus guttatipennis Goetghebuer Tanypus guttatipennis Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 354. This species differs from T. lacustris only in the wing markings (PI. I, fig. 6). The spots are more discrete and there is less tendency for fusion ; those along the costal margin are less dark, there is usually much less darkening around the cross-vein and the base of the posterior fork is quite clear. Goetghebuer is not correct in stating that the tibiae have no dark markings, in fact they resemble lacustris. The species may simply be a pale form of lacustris. I have not seen the holotype which is in Musee Royal du Congo Beige (type locality, BELGIAN CONGO, Pare National Albert, Vitshumbi). DISTRIBUTION. UGANDA: 5 $, 6 , L. Victoria, v-vi.52 (W. W. Macdonald). BELGIAN CONGO : 6 $, 26 ?, Pare National Albert (G. F. de Witte & H. Damas) ; i $, Elisabethville, i.iQ33 (C. Seydl). TRANSVAAL: i $, Harrismith, 0.1927 (R. E. Turner) ; i <, Johannesburg, iii.i93O (B. de Meillon}. NATAL : 3$, Weenen, ix-x.28 (H. P. Thomasset}. CAPE PROVINCE : i ?, Deelfontein, X.I9O2 (Sloggett) ; 7 $, Ladismith, 4.i.5i (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.) ; 3 $, 3 ?, Tulbagh, 29-X.53 (K. M. F. Scott] . Tanypus brevipalpis Kieffer Protenthes brevipalpis Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 187. Tanypus dewulfi Goetghebuer, 1935, R ev - Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 353 (SYN. NOV.). Easily distinguished from the other African species by the pale reddish brown thorax broadly margined with yellow or yellowish white, and by the complete absence of spots along the costal margin of the wing ; mouthparts very short, female antenna with only 13 segments. Male. Wing length 2-2-5 rnm. Head brown, mouthparts much reduced, palpal segments about as long as wide, pedicel blackish, plumes dark, A.R. 2-5. Thorax with pale reddish brown mesonotal stripes which are fused ; shoulders and lateral margins broadly margined with yellow or yellowish white ; upper half of pleura whitish, lower half and postnotum dark brown. Legs with markings very similar to lacustris but dark markings on femora and tibiae much less distinct. Wings with dark spots arranged as in female (PI. I, fig. c], but spots variable and tend to be smaller in the male ; costal margin always lacking spots except for a slight darkening at the apex of R t , usually clearer than in the female ; r-m cross-vein with slight clouding, posterior fork more or less ENTOM. iv, i. 4 50 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE as shown for female. Halteres with dark knobs. Abdomen uniformly blackish brown. Female. Resembles male in body colour and legs ; wings as in PI. I, fig. c, exact size of spots somewhat variable, especially the double row in cell R 4+5 . Antennae with only 13 segments. I have not seen the type of either brevipalpis which seems to be lost (type locality, A.E. SUDAN, Shambe), or of dewulfi which is in Musee Royal du Congo Beige (type locality, BELGIAN CONGO, Pare National Albert, Vitshumbi). DISTRIBUTION. ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN : 30 <$, 17 ?, Yirol ii.54 (E. T. M. Reid}. BELGIAN CONGO : Pare National Albert, long series of both sexes (G. F. de Witte & H. Damas). TANGANYIKA : 5 $, Shinyanga (E. Burtt). Tanypus fuscus nom. nov. Protenthes brevipalpis var. obscurus Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 189 (nee Tanypus obscurus Macquart, 1926, Rec. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille : 189. This seems to be a distinct species, not only because of the 14-segmented antennae of the female and dark colour, but also because the central thoracic tubercle is much larger than in the other three species. Female. Wing length 2-25 mm. Head dark, mouthparts very short, antennae with 14 segments. Thorax blackish brown with some pruinosity, median tubercle unusually large and with a central depression. Legs dark, tarsi paler, markings as in lacustris but not as easy to distinguish. Wings (PL I, fig. c) with markings basically similar to brevipalpis but spots are larger and several have coalesced. Halteres blackish. Abdomen black. Male. Not known. The type is probably lost. Type locality, ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN, Shambe. DISTRIBUTION. ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN : i 9, Melut, i7.xi.53 (E. T. M. Reid). Genus COELOTANYPUS Kieffer Coelotanypus Kieffer, 1913, Rec. Ind. Mus. 9 : 154 ; Edwards, 1931, Dipt. Pat. S. Chile, 2 : 237. Wing membrane bare, posterior fork either opposite base of M 3+4 or stem only one sixth length of Cuj, vein R 2 present but not distinctly connected to R z+3 . Mesonotum with acrostichal hairs present in the African species ; median stripe with oval tubercle immediately before prescutellar area as in T any PUS. Fourth tarsal segment more or less cordiform. Coelotanypus shows some degree of resemblance to Tanypus because of the presence of the median thoracic tubercle and short or missing stem to posterior fork. It is, however, much closer to Clinotanypus in its general appearance and structure. Since one species of Clinotanypus has now been found with a central thoracic tubercle, it seems that the only difference left is the length of the stem of the posterior fork. The genus is typically Neotropical and Nearctic in distribution, the following species being the only one so far known outside these two Regions. It is, therefore, conven- ient to leave the two genera distinct for the present. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHI RONOMID AE 51 Coelotanypus africanus sp. n. Thorax reddish, wings hyaline, posterior fork opposite base of M 3+4 , legs yellow, tips of tibiae dark, abdomen with segments 1-5 mainly pale in the male. Male. Wing length 3-25 mm. Head yellowish brown, very transverse when seen from the front, mouthparts fully developed, antennae brown, plumes pale, A.R. nearly 4. Thorax fairly uni- formly reddish brown, shoulders creamy, postnotum and prescutellar area darker brown ; acrostichal bristles present, but short and pale, diverging around prescutellar FIG. 12. Coelotanypus and Clinotanypus. (a) wing of female Coelotanypus africanus ; (b) dorsal view of thorax of a typical male CHnotanyups claripennis ; (c) the same of female Cl. maculatus. area, which is sharply marked off and sunken. Legs yellow, tips of tibiae darkened, tarsal segments 3-5 brown, segment 4 bilobed and more or less heart-shaped, pulvilli absent. Wings quite clear and unmarked except for a slight darkening at r-m cross-vein, veins otherwise pale; R 2+3 distinct (Text-fig. 12, a), R 2 present, but disconnected basally, costa produced, r-m cross- vein rather long, base of M 3+4 slightly basal to it, posterior fork exactly opposite base of M 3+4 . Halteres yellow. Abdomen with segments 1-5 pale, yellowish, segments 3-5 with basal halves brown, segments 6-7 brown, 8 paler. Female. Quite similar to male but more uniformly yellowish brown, darker thoracic markings much more restricted, abdomen yellowish brown with pale margins to segments. Antennae with 14 segments. Holotype male, SIERRA LEONE, Batkanu, 2i.ii.ii (H. E. Arbuckle) in British ENTOM. IV, I. 4 52 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Museum. Paratypes : NIGERIA : i <$, Cameroons, Johann Albrechtshohe, i5.iv.96 (L. Conradt}. FRENCH CAMEROONS: i 9, Mao Godi, vi.igog (Riggenbach). Both paratypes are in Zoologisches Museum der Universitat, Berlin. Genus CLINOTANYPUS Kieffer Clinotanypus Kieffer, 1913, Rec. Ind. Mus. 9 : 157 ; Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 186 ; Edwards, 1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 77 : 302 ; Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 351- Wings bare, costa produced, R 2 present but disconnected basally and appearing as a free branch of R x , posterior fork distal to true base of M 3+4 . Female antennae with 14 segments (Kieffer states i3-segmented in C. claripennis q.v.). Fourth tarsal segment bilobed and cordiform. Four species belonging to this genus have been described by Kieffer and Goetghe- buer, but all of them appear to be descriptions of the same species. Kieffer originally separated Coelotanypus and Clinotanypus by the presence or absence of a stem to the posterior fork. Edwards (1931) further separated them by the presence or absence of a median mesonotal tubercle. However this tubercle is present in the African species Clinotanypus maculatus which has a stalked fork. The two genera are obviously very closely allied, but as stated under Coelotanypus, it is convenient to keep them separate until more species have been described and the limits and distribution of the genera more fully explored. KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Clinotanypus 1. Mesonotum mainly black and without separate stripes ...... 2 Mesonotum with yellow or reddish background, with or without dark markings, stripes separate ............ 3 2. Wings without well developed clouds ; acrostichal and dorso-central bristles and their pits small and inconspicuous ....... lacteus sp. n. Wings with brown markings ; thoracic bristles arising from large pits, giving surface a rugose appearance, especially in prescutellar area .... rugosus sp. n. 3. Acrostichal and dorso-central bristles small, pale and inconspicuous, no median mesonotal tubercle, female thorax without black markings . . claripennis Kieffer Bristles strong, dark brown and very distinct, median tubercle present, thorax in both sexes with ten black spots arranged in a circle around the prescutellar area maculatus Freeman i Clinotanypus claripennis Kieffer Clinotanypus claripennis Kieffer, 1918, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 16, 63. Clinotanypus niligenus Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 186 (SYN. NOV.). Clinotanypus nigripalpis Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 351. Clinotanypus nigrovittatus Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 352. A common and variable species, which seems to occur over most of Africa south of the Sahara, except in the Guinean Forest, and also northwards into Israel. The important features which distinguish the male from the other species are the four round black spots in front of and at the side of the lateral stripes ; the stripes in this sex vary from almost entirely black to yellowish, the abdomen is yellow with black A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHI RONOMI D AE 53 transverse markings, legs yellow with a variable amount of darkening. The female is a large stout insect for the subfamily, with red thoracic stripes, dark abdomen and i4-segmented antennae. In his description of C. claripennis, Kieffer says that the antennae are i3-segmented, but an examination of a female cotype kindly lent by Dr. Mihalyi shows there to be 14 segments present, and enables me to synonymize the later names. Male. Wing length 2-5-4-0 mm. Head yellowish, very transverse (Text-fig, i, a), mouthparts fully developed, palpi brown, antennae brown, A.R. about 3-5. Thorax with yellow or creamy background ; stripes reddish with a variable amount of black (Text-fig. 12, b), black markings especially prominent at posterior end of median stripe and anterior ends of lateral stripes, sometimes stripes almost completely black ; in addition there are circular black spots on the shoulders, laterally and above the wing base. Basal angles of scutellum and apex of postnotum usually black ; postnotum and sternopleuron may be mainly black. Acrostichal and dorso-central bristles small and inconspicuous, median tubercle absent, acrostichal bristles traversing prescutellar area. Legs variable in colour ; in dark specimens femora and tibiae brown, tibiae with a paler band in apical half, tarsi yellow, segments 2-5 of anterior legs and 3 or 4-5 of posterior legs brown ; in pale specimens, legs yellow with tips of tibiae and segments 4-5 of tarsi darkened. Wings (PL I, fig. e of female) hyaline and with a circular cloud over r-m cross-vein, venation normal. Halteres yellowish or brownish. Abdomen yellow, segment i with slight darkenings laterally, segments 2, 3 and 4 with median transverse narrow dark bands and basal triangular dark spots, segments 5-8 with apical, dark, transverse bands. Female. Rather different in appearance from male. Head (Text-fig, i, b) similarly very transverse, eyes reniform and without such a long dorsal process as in the male, antennae i4-segmented. Thorax without black markings, either uni- formly reddish, or yellow with reddish or brownish stripes, bristles similarly small, pale and inconspicuous. Legs similar to male. Wings (PL I, fig. e) often rather darker, especially anteriorly, but without definite clouds except over r-m. Halteres brown. Abdomen stout, uniformly blackish or very dark brown, with pale hairs. I have been able to borrow a cotype female from the Hungarian National Museum, type locality, EGYPT Ismalia. The type of niligenus is probably lost, type locality ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN, Shambe. I have not seen the types of nigripalpis and nigrovittatus which are in Musee Royal du Congo Beige (type locality of both, BELGIAN CONGO, Pare National Albert, Vitshumbi). DISTRIBUTION. ISRAEL : 2 <$, Galilee (0. Theodor). ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN : 10 $, between Tonga and Shambe, xi.iQ53 and 2 $, 2 $, Yirol, iii.i954 (E. T. M. Reid}. FRENCH SUDAN: 2 <, Macina. NIGERIA: i $, Afikpo, 2.vi.io (/. /. Simpson); i <$, Gadau, i8.iii.33 (D. J. Lewis). UGANDA: i <, Nambadyidza Forest, 24.xi.2Q (G. H. E. Hopkins] ; i ?, Entebbe, i3.xii.34 (F. W. Edwards] ; 2 <$, L. Victoria, y.viii.si (W. W. Macdonald). KENYA: 3 $, Kisumu, 5.vii.35 (C. B. Symes). BELGIAN CONGO : 2 $, Ituri (A. Collart] ; i $, Mulongo (Mafinge), vii.i930 (P. Gerard] ; n ?, Musosa, ix-xi.39 (H. Bredo] ; long series of both sexes from Pares Nationaux Albert and Upemba. NYASALAND : i $, Luchenza, Makandi, 54 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE i4.v.n (F. G. Evans) ; i 9, Langenburg. N. RHODESIA: series of 30 damaged specimens, Lake Bangweulu, ix-xii . 46 (M.Steele). S. W. AFRICA : 5 ?, Kaokoveldt, Ohopoho, vi.5i (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.). ORANGE FREE STATE : 1^,1$, Harrismith ii-iii.27 (R- & Turner). NATAL : i <$, iii-iv.24 an d 2 ? ix-x.28 (H. P. Thomasset). Clinotanypus maculatus Freeman Clinotanypus maculatus Freeman, 1955, Explor. Pare Nat. Upemba, Miss. G. F. de Witte, fasc. 35 : 92. A yellow insect with 10 small black spots on the thorax forming a circle around the prescutellar area. Easily separated from C. claripennis by the thoracic pattern, by the stronger and darker thoracic bristles and by the presence of a central oval mesonotal tubercle. Male. Wing length 2-5 mm. Head yellow, eyes with narrow dorsal portions, palpi brown ; antennae yellowish brown, A.R. nearly 4, plumes yellow on basal two thirds, grey on apical third. Thorax with reddish yellow stripes on a whitish yellow background, bristles numerous and black, stronger then in claripennis, postnotum and sternopleuron reddish yellow ; central mesonotal tubercle present, as in Coelotanypus, bearing a small tuft of black bristles. There are 10 small round black spots (Text-fig. 12, c of female) arranged as follows : four in an arc across middle of mesonotum, one above each wing base, one at each lateral angle of scutellum and two close together at apex of scutellum ; seen from above the spots are in a circle enclosing the prescutellar area. Legs pale, whitish yellow, tips of anterior femora, tips of all tibiae, tips of basal three tarsal segments, and whole of tarsal segments 4 and 5, dark. Wings quite hyaline, except for a blackened cross-vein, venation normal, halteres pale. Abdomen yellow and with three longitudinal rows of small black spots, one placed centrally and one along each lateral margin ; all spots near bases of segments, central ones the larger ; spots best developed on segments 3-6, more or less obsolete on others. Abdo- minal hairs pale, except on spots where they may be darker. Female. Wing length 2-5-2-75 mm. Very similar to male (Text-fig. 12, c of thorax), thoracic background less white, so stripes less distinct, abdominal spots may be obsolete in some specimens. Holotype female, in collections of the Institut des Pares Nationaux du Congo Beige. DISTRIBUTION. BELGIAN CONGO : i $, Lac Upemba, Mabwe, viii.47 (G. F. de Witte) holotype ; i 9, Stanleyville, vii.ig28 (A. Collart) paratype. DAHOMEY: 3 <, 2$, Porto Novo, Tove, xii.1954 (/. Hamon). Clinotanypus lacteus sp. n. A blackish species with prothorax and pleural membrane of male milk white, of female shimmering; mesonotum shining and without tubercle, bristles and their pits small and inconspicuous ; wings clear. Male. Wing length 3-0 mm. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 55 Head brown, mouthparts normal, palpi dark, antennae brown, plumes blackish, A.R. about 2-5. Thorax with shining black mesonotum ; shoulders with diagonal yellow markings, stripes just indicated by browner areas along lines of bristles which are small, pale and inconspicuous, pits also small ; prothorax and pleural membrane strikingly milk white, scutellum, postnotum and sternopleuron black ; no sign of a median tubercle. Legs : in the holotype, basal third of femora yellowish, remainder black ; tibiae black, middle and posterior ones with a broad median brown area ; tarsi black, basitarsus mainly whitish ; in the paratype male, femora only darkened apically. Wings clear and unclouded except for a slight smokiness towards the costa. Halteres with yellow knobs and darker stems. Abdomen black and with mainly black hairs, segments 1-5 with brown or yellowish areas each side at the base, hypopygium brown or yellow. Female. Quite similar to male, thorax shining, stripes better indicated, bristles and pits inconspicuous ; prothorax and pleural membrane shimmering only, not milk white. Antennae with 14 segments ; legs mainly dark, basitarsus mainly whitish. Holotype male, BELGIAN CONGO, Ruanda Urundi (/. Schwetz) in British Museum. Paratypes : i g, NIGERIA, Oshogbu, n.x.io; i $, HAUTE VOLTA, Guena Bobo, 26.vi.53 (/. Hamon). Clinotanypus rugosus sp. n. Distinguished from the female of C. lacteus by the large size of the pits of the meso- notal bristles, by the presence of definite wing markings and by the rather different leg markings. Female. Wing length 2-0 mm. Head brown, palpi darker, antennae pale, with 14 segments. Thorax : mesonotum black, not so strongly shining as in lacteus, shoulders hardly paler, bristles small and pale, but their pits very large, giving shoulders and scutellar area a rugose appearance ; prothorax and pleural membrane with a greyish shimmer, probably due to the micro- trichia ; scutellum, postnotum and sternopleuron black. Legs black and white ; femora black ; tibiae black, anterior pair white on apical half, posterior pair with a white ring just below the middle ; anterior tarsi black with basitarsus mainly white, other tarsi white except for segments 4 and 5. Wings (PI. I, fig./) mainly dark but with tips clear. Halteres dark. Abdomen blackish brown, paler beneath, hairs pale. Male not known. Holotype female, SIERRA LEONE, Njala, 2i.vi.32 (E. Hargreaves] in British Museum. Paratypes, i ?, NIGERIA, Zungeru, I5.xi.io (/. W. S. Macfie}. SUDAN: i $, Amadi, vi-54 (E. T. M. Reid). There is a single female in the collections of Institut des Pares Nationaux du Congo Beige from Pare National Albert which may belong to this species, but the apex of the wing in slightly clouded and there is a subapical darker area. It is possible that the wing markings are variable. 56 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Genus PROCLADIUS Skuse Procladius Skuse, 1889, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2) 4 : 283 ; Edwards, 1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 77 : 300. Trichotanypus Kieffer, 1918, Ann. Mus. nat. Hung. 16 : 62 ; Kieffer 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. 92 : 189 ; Kieffer, 1925, Bull. Soc. R. ent. Egypte, 1924 : 309 ; Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 355 (nee Kieffer, 1906, Ann. Soc. sci. Brux. 30 : 319 see Podominae). Psilotanypus Kieffer, 1906, Genera Insect. 42 : 34. I am following Edwards (1929) in his use of this genus to include both hairy and bare winged species. Those with macrotrichia on the membrane are placed in the subgenus Procladius sens, str., those with bare membrane are placed in Psilotanypus. I have material of six species including one of Psilotanypus. The genus may be denned : Wings hairy or bare, costa produced, R 2 present and very distinct, stem of posterior fork more than half as long as Cuj. Female antenna with 13-14 segments. Pronotum well developed, hairy above. Fourth tarsal segment on all legs cylindrical, no pulvilli. Kieffer and Goetghebuer have described seven species between them, but several of these appear to be synonyms. Five of the species are clear cut but the sixth may be a complex of two or more closely allied species. It is variable in size, colour and hairiness and seems to represent the Palaearctic species P. choreus Meigen. I am using the first name applied to it by Goetghebuer (brevipetiolatus), but it is quite possible that further collecting will show that two or more species are present. KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Procladius 1. Wing membrane lacking macrotrichia (subg. Psilotanypus} .... reidi sp. n. Wing membrane with macrotrichia, at least apically (subg. Procladius} ... 2 2. General body colour blackish brown ......... 3 General body colour yellowish or pale brown ....... 5 3. Macrotrichia confined to a triangular area at the apex of cell R 4+5 . . apicalis Kieffer Macrotrichia present over most of wing surface ....... 4 4. Basitarsus white, wings with pattern of scale-like macrotrichia . . albitalus sp. n. Basitarsus and tibiae yellowish brown, wings usually with an apical or subapical shadow but without scale pattern ..... brevipetiolatus Goetghebuer 5. Wings with subapical transverse row of spots (PI. I, fig. k) . . maculosus sp. n. Wings with subapical dark shadow ......... 6 6. Wings with a black spot over R 2 (PI. I, fig. ;').... polytomus Kieffer Wings without this spot (PI. I, fig. i) . . . . . . noctivagus Kieffer Procladius (Procladius) brevipetiolatus Goetghebuer Trichotanypus brevipetiolatus Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 355 ; Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22 : 129. Trichotanypus umbrosus Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27 : 356 (SYN. NOV.). Goetghebuer separated his two species mainly on two characters, firstly on the pre- sence of a dark shadow on the wing of umbrosus and secondly on the shorter stem to the posterior fork of brevipetiolatus. Whilst it is possible to find specimens to fit these two extremes, there is so much variability in size, colour, and hairiness that I have found it impossible to maintain the distinction. There are series in the British A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 57 Museum of larger specimens with wings densely clothed with dark macrotrichia ; in these the wing membrane is nearly clear, but there are traces of brown staining which can be found by varying the light. There is a complete gradation from such specimens to others with quite heavily marked wings and small in size. This species seems to be the African representative of P. choreus Meigen from which it can be separated by the much smaller outer lobe of the male style. Male. Wing length 2-0-3-0 mm. Head brown, pedicel and palpi darker, A.R. about 2. Thorax with dark grey or blackish stripes separated by pruinosity along the lines of the dorso-central bristles and in the prescutellar area ; shoulders, pleural membrane and scutellum yellow or brownish, postnotum and sternopleuron dark. Legs brownish yellow, femora may be darker ; tips of tibiae and segments 2-5 of tarsi dark ; L.R. 0-75. FIG. 13. Male hypopygia of Procladius. (a) P. brevipetiolatus ; (b) P. albitalus ; (c) P. noctivagus ; (d) P. polytomus. Wings with normal venation as in PI. I, fig. g of female ; membrane thickly clothed with macrotrichia, which may be all dark and then the membrane is hardly stained beneath, or the membrane may show staining as in the figure with dark macrotrichia over the staining and pale macrotrichia elsewhere ; cross-vein always clouded. Halteres usually yellow, occasionally brown. Abdomen dark brown with pale apical bands on segments 1-5 ; pale bands may occupy one third or one half of segments. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 13, a) with simple style, outer lobe short ; style variable in exact shape, may be broader than shown. Female. Very similar to male. Antennae with 13 segments, though basal flagellar segment sometimes indistinctly divided. Wings more thickly clothed with macro- trichia, staining usually visible and darker than in the male. Abdomen with narrow pale rings apically on segments 1-7. I have not seen the type specimens of either of Goetghebuer's species which are in Musee Royal du Congo Beige. Type locality of brevipetiolatus, BELGIAN CONGO, Pare National Albert, Vitshumbi ; of umbrosus, BELGIAN CONGO, Cratere Muyunga. 58 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE DISTRIBUTION. UGANDA: Entebbe, numerous specimens of both sexes, viii.5i (W. W. Macdonald) ; I <$, Bwamba, Hakitengya, iv. 1948 (W. R. Lumsderi). KENYA: 3 <, 2 ?, Nairobi (van Someren) ; 3 ?, Kabete, xi.igi3 (T. J. Anderson) ; i $, Naivasha, 4.v.i8 (T. J. Anderson) ; i <, Kiambu, i.i933 (Symes < Hopkins) ; 4 <, i $, Kisumu (C. 5. Symes). BELGIAN CONGO : numerous specimens from Pare National Albert (de Witte 6- Damas). NYASALAND : i $, Dowa Distr. (/. B. Davey). BECHUAN ALAND : 4 <, 34 $, Kalahari, Gemsbok Park, i6.xi.5o (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.). S. W. AFRICA : i $, 2 ?, Kaokoveldt, Ohopoho, 4.vi.5i (Swedish S. Afr. Exp.). NATAL: i ?, Weenen ix-x.28 (#. P. Thomasset) ; i ?, Eshowe, ix.i93O and 2 ^, 2 ?, iii-iv.35 (B. <&? Meillon) ; 3 <^, 3 ?, Newcastle, ix.i953 (^4. Z). Harrison). CAPE PROVINCE : numerous specimens, Berg River (/C. M. F. Scott) ; i $, Ceres, iii.1935 (R. E. Turner). Procladius (Procladius) apicalis Kieffer Trichotanypus apicalis Kieffer, 1918, Ann. Mus. nat. Hung. 16 : 62. This species was described from two males from Pretoria, Natal. I have seen material agreeing with the description and have been able to borrow a cotype from Hungarian National Museum. In general appearance, colour and structure, it is very similar to P. brevipetiolatus. It differs by A.R. being nearer i-o, the wings lacking a sub-apical shadow and by the macrotrichia in the male being present only as a triangular patch at the apex of cell R 4+5 ; the cross- vein is darkened. In the female, the macrotrichia are more extensive and are present at the apices of cells R 4+5 , M x , M 4 and anal cell. DISTRIBUTION. TRANSVAAL : Pretoria (type series) ; 2 <, 5 $, Olifantsvlei, viii.54 (A. D. Harrison) ; i <$, 3 $, Benoni, viii.54 (A. D. Harrison). ANGLO- EGYPTIAN SUDAN : i <, Amadi, vi.vii.54 (E. T. M. Reid). Procladius (Procladius} albitalus sp. n. Black, pleura with grey " bloom " ; easily distinguished from the other species by the black legs with white basitarsus and wings with two transverse patches of scale-like macrotrichia. Male. Wing length 1-5-2-25 mm. Head and pedicel yellowish brown, mouthparts black, flagellum and plumes black, A.R. 1-3. Thorax black or blackish brown, mesonotum shining, pleura with grey " bloom " having a slightly different appearance from the pruinosity so common on Chironomid thoraces. Legs black, basitarsi white, L.R. 1-4 ; tibiae rather thickly clothed with black hairs, anterior tarsi without beard. Wings (PI. I, fig. h of female) with normal venation, macrotrichia not uniformly distributed ; normal macrotrichia present at apex and round the margin ; rather broader, blacker, almost scale-like macrotrichia forming two incomplete transverse bands one at the level of the cross- vein and which expands in the anal cell, and one at the level of R 2 , this band only reaches M 3 +4 ; veins also scaly. Halteres black. A bdomen black with well developed A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 59 black hairs. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 13, b) with simple styles which lack outer iobes. Female. Similar to the male except that the wings have rather more macrotrichia (PI. I, fig. h) ; antennae with 14 segments. Holotype male, UGANDA, Kampala, 2i.viii.26 (G L. R. Hancock] in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION of paratypes. KENYA: 2 $, Nairobi, 11.1924 (van Someren). FRENCH W. AFRICA : 2 <$, i $, Upper Volta, Bobo Dioulasso, 2i.viii.53 (/. Ramon). TRANSVAAL: 4 ?, Tzaneen, i.viii.32 (B. de Meillori). NATAL: i $, Eshowe, ix.i930 (B. de Meittori). Procladius (Procladius) noctivagus Kieffer Tanypus noctivagus Kieffer, 1910, Mem. Ind. Mus. 2 : 222. Trichotanypus niloticus Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 92 : 189 (SYN. NOV.). Trichotanypus nilicola Kieffer, 1925, Bull. Soc. R. ent. Egypte, 1924 : 309 (SYN. NOV.). The type of T. noctivagus is a female and is in the British Museum ; it is clearly the same species as Kieffer later described under the name nilicola. He described the colour as " roux came," whereas in fact it is yellowish with brown mesonotal stripes postnotum and sternopleuron ; he also omitted to mention the dark cloud in the anal cell. In his key he states that the mesonotum is without bands. The specimen is certainly the true type because the mounting and labelling are the same as for other species from the same collection. The description of T. niloticus agrees very well with the same species except that he states that the wings are hyaline. If he can describe noctivagus as being without mesonotal stripes, it would be quite easy for him not to notice the wing markings as they are often quite faint and depend a good deal on the lighting. P. noctivagus is a much paler species than brevipetiolatus, and is mainly yellow with brown thoracic markings ; wings with similar dark markings, but styles with longer outer lobe. Male. Wing length 2-2-25 mm. Head yellowish brown, palpi dark brown, pedicel reddish brown, A.R. nearly 2. Thorax with yellowish background and brown stripes ; prescutellar area yellowish, postnotum and sternopleuron brown. Legs yellow, apices of segments narrowly darker, anterior tarsi bearded, L.R. 0-75. Wings hairy, very similar to the darker forms of brevipetiolatus (See PL I, fig. i of female) ; cross-vein clouded, dark staining as a broad subapical band and an anal spot, both clothed with darker macrotrichia. Halteres whitish. Abdomen mainly yellow, segments each with a narrow basal dark band. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 13, c) with outer lobe of style longer than in brevipetiolatus. Female. Closely resembles male ; antennae with 13 segments ; thoracic stripes more clear cut, abdomen almost completely yellow, wing markings more distinct (PI. I, fig. *). Holotype of T. noctivagus a female, in the British Museum, type locality, 60 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE EGYPT, Suez Canal. The types of niloticus (locality, ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN, S. of Khartoum) and nilicola (locality, EGYPT, Maadi) are probably both lost. DISTRIBUTION. EGYPT: 2 ?, Moascar, iii.i942 (5. H. Segerman). ANGLO- EGYPTIAN SUDAN: 8 (R. Hartland-Rowe], Entebbe, 8.iii.i954, 2 <, 3 $ (R. Hartland- Rowe]. L. Victoria, Kagera Bay, 15. v. 1954, i $ subim., (N. E. Hickiri). NYASALAND : Mt. Mlanje, 17. ii. 1911, i $ (S. A. Neave]. Mr. Hartland-Rowe's material was preserved in 2% formaldehyde solution and Dr. Corbet's in 70% alcohol, the remainder pinned. The following description was made from the fluid material and the colours may be somewhat paler than in life. <$. Head pale yellowish brown, eyes reddish brown. Thorax pale yellowish brown, dorsally with faint brownish markings and lightly marked with purplish brown near the coxae. Legs luteous, anterior femur brownish, other femora slightly brownish towards apices. Terminal segment of all tarsi pale fuscous. Wings hyaline, venation VOL. 4, NO. 2. 5 72 NEW SPECIES OF UGANDA E PHEME ROPTER A pale yellowish brown. Abdomen yellowish, above pale brownish or reddish, segments II to VII with two short, curved, yellowish streaks, one on each side of the median dorsal line at the base, and the sides of each segment more or less yellowish. Cerci pale yellowish. Forceps and base luteous, the latter with its apical margin quadrately excised between the bases of the forceps, margin of excision sinuous, inner angles of the bases produced in rounded lobes. Forceps four-segmented, basal segment short, tapering, second long, cylindrical, third and fourth short, apex of fourth somewhat concave. Penis-lobes each bilobed, the inner lobes longer than the outer, curved FIG. i. Afronurus ugandanus sp. n. <$. Forceps-base, forceps and penis-lobes, the latter more enlarged. upward and outward, outer broader and more triangular, separated from the inner by a narrow excision. Apex of inner lobe and lateral margin of outer each with a small, finely punctate area. $. Markings similar to male but paler. Subgenital plate with sides parallel for a short distance, then tapering to a truncate or slightly excised apex, the whole plate curving downward. $ subimago. Head yellowish brown, eyes blackish, a dark, purplish brown line along posterior margin of head between them. Thorax cream-coloured, with pale brown markings above, sides lightly marked with purplish red. Legs luteous, streaked with pale fuscous. Wings smoky fuscous, paler near anal angle, with cream venation, costal and subcostal areas of fore wing and bases of both wings cream. Abdomen dull yellowish with obscure reddish markings dorsally. Length of fore wing <^, 8-9 mm., $, 11-12 mm. <$ type (Entebbe, S.iii) in 2% formaldehyde solution, with apex of abdomen mounted as a microscope preparation ; paratypes in Brit. Mus. (N.H.), E.A.F.R.O. NEW SPECIES OF UGANDA EPHEME ROPTE R A 73 and Hartland-Rowe collections. This species differs from A. peringueyi (Esben- Petersen), as figured by Barnard, in the form of the penis-lobes, the outer lobes being relatively broader and having the finely punctate area on the outer (not inner) margin. The inner angle of the forceps-base is more strongly lobed. Family BAETIDAE In this family I have adopted an interpretation of the segments of the forceps differing from that in current use. It appears to me that the so-called basal segment of the forceps in this family is more probably part of the forceps-base, almost com- pletely divided into two parts, since it is filled with muscular tissue, a state which, according to Needham, does not occur in the true segments of the forceps. My inter- pretation of the forceps therefore credits them with one segment less than is normally recorded. Centroptilum sudanense Ulmer (Fig. 2.) UGANDA : Jinja, 6.iii.i954, 2 (R. Hartland-Rowe}. The two specimens before me have been preserved in 2% formaldehyde solution. They are not in good condition and are considerably bleached. The male genitalia are unusual in form for Centroptilum and as they show considerable similarity to those figured by Ulmer for sudanense, these specimens have been referred to that species. Ulmer shows the forceps as obscurely divided into three segments. The present examples show no sign of such segmentation and it is possible that the divisions shown by Ulmer were the result of dessication. I am figuring a ventral view, for comparison with C. notabile sp. n. Centroptilum notabile sp. n. (Figs. 3-5.) UGANDA : Jinja, 7. v. 1954, i $ (N. E. Hickin) ; at light, ix-xii. 1954, 2 $, numerous ?, (P. S. Corbet). <$ (in 70% alcohol). Head ivory-white, ocelli ringed with piceous. Turbinate eyes orange, lower eyes black. Antenna whitish. Prothorax whitish. Mesonotum pale fuscous, sutures darker, scutellum and post-scutellum ivory-white. Metanotum pale to medium fuscous. Sides of thorax whitish, episterna medium fuscous, mesepi- sternum with a round, blackish spot. Legs greyish or very pale fuscous, faintly marked with reddish at knees. Fore wing hyaline, longitudinal veins whitish, cross-veins fuscous and margined with the same colour. Base of wing tinged with fuscous and orange. About six costal cross- veins beyond the bulla. Hind wing typical of genus. Abdomen translucent whitish, apices of tergites very faintly margined with pale reddish, tergites III and V each with a curved, purplish black line near apex, the ends curving forward like horns. Cerci lacking in type. Genitalia similar in pattern to C. sudanense. Forceps-base large, divided medianly to form two stout lobes with obliquely truncate apices. Between them can be seen a small, pointed plate. Forceps 74 NEW SPECIES OF UGANDA EPHEMEROPTER A stout, apparently single-segmented ; in side-view directed obliquely upwards, base stout, globular, the lower margin with a small rounded excision. Terminal part of forceps spatulate, its outer surface concave. ?. Pronotum with scattered purplish black markings. Meso- and metathorax paler than in $, mesepisternal spot conspicuous. Abdomen with the curved marking on tergite III with its centre produced forward to within one third from the base ; FIGS. 2-5. (2) Centroptilum sudanense Ulmer, $ genitalia, lateral. (3-5) C. notabile sp. n. (J. (3) Wings. (4) Forceps-base, forceps, left lateral. (5) The same, ventral. a similarly shaped spot occurs on tergite VI and suggestions of such markings on tergites VII-VIII. Length of fore wing < $, 5 mm. c type, $ allotype mounted as whole preparations in euparal ; paratypes in Brit . Mus. (N.H.) and E.A.F.R.O. collection. This species is related to both Centroptilum nitidum Ulmer and C. sudanense Ulmer. The former, described from females from Belgian Congo, has the cross- veins of the fore wing shaded with brown, but the dorsal surface of the abdomen is much more extensively marked with reddish. C. sudanense has the fore wing cross-veins pale, and abdominal tergites more extensively marked. NEW SPECIES OF UGANDA EPHEMEROPTE R A 75 In side view, the forceps of C. notabile are less tapered, the ventral excision larger and the basal part more globular. The sclerotized plate between the bases of the forceps is more pointed. Centroptilum corbeti sp. n. (Figs. 6-8.) UGANDA : Jinja, xii.i954, at light, 6 <, 8 , (P. 5. Corbet). $ (in 70% alcohol). Head creamy white, turbinate eyes large, not very tall, chocolate-brown, lower eyes grey. Thorax creamy white, lightly marked dorsally with a fuscous stripe on each side of the median suture, a patch of fuscous near the wing-base and with a reddish spot on each side in front of the wing-base. Metanotum more heavily shaded with fuscous. Legs with the femora whitish, the anterior heavily FIGS. 6-8. Centroptilum corbeti sp. n. J c?> 2 ? imagines, 5 <, 4 $ subimagines, (R. Hartland-Rowe). Jinja, at light, ix-x.i954, numerous subimagines, (P. S. Corbet). c? (in 2% formaldehyde solution). Head light fuscous, darker around the ocelli. Turbinate eyes pale orange (possibly somewhat bleached), lower eyes dark grey. Thorax shining dark brown, lateral margins of meso- and metathorax creamy white. Legs pale luteous, femora marked with fuscous at base and apex, and with an indistinct, subapical ring. Tibiae fuscous at extreme base. Wings hyaline, in fore wing with C, Sc and R pale fuscous, remaining veins pale. Venation much as in E. bugandensis. Abdomen above dirty whitish, with a fine stippling of purplish grey, which becomes denser towards the apex of each segment. There is a pale, mid-dorsal line and the lateral margins are darker brown. The pale dorsal line fades out on seg- ments IX and X. Sternites I- VIII white, apical angles purple-grey, IX white with dark brown lateral bands, somewhat wider at base. Cerci whitish. Forceps-base whitish, finely bordered with fuscous, its apical margin excised. Forceps whitish, basal segment stout at base in ventral view, the lateral margins somewhat divergent until the constriction, thence parallel-sided. Second segment about twice as long as terminal segment. Penis-lobes short and stout, only about half as long as basal segment of forceps, divided almost to base. $ (in 2% formaldehyde solution). Head medium fuscous, ocelli ringed with dark brown, eyes piceous. Pronotum fuscous, with a dark ochraceous, median stripe. Meso- and metanota dark brown, paler at sides. Legs ochraceous, with fuscous markings as in male or at times stronger. Wings hyaline, C, Sc and R yellowish brown, remainder almost colourless. Abdomen yellowish brown above, with traces NEW SPECIES OF UGANDA EPHEMEROPTE R A 81 of a pale mid-dorsal line similar to that of male. Ventrally yellowish (? due to enclosed eggs), sternite IX produced in a variable triangular plate with a truncate or excised apex. <$ $ subimagines similar in markings to imagines, the abdominal tergites sometimes with a pair of pale basal triangles, one each side of dorsal line. Length of fore wing, ^ 6-5 mm., $ 7 mm. c type (mounted in euparal as microscope preparations), $ allotype (in 2% formaldehyde solution), both from Kazi, 8 . iii . 1954 ; paratypes in Brit. Mus. (N.H.), E.A.F.R.Q. and Hartland-Rowe collections. This species differs from both E. elegans and E. bugandensis in the much shorter and blunter penis-lobes in the male, which are barely half as long as the basal segment of the forceps. It resembles E. bugandensis in the slender forceps, but the basal part is less parallel-sided and the apical margin of the forceps-base is excised at its centre. Hagenulus fasciatus sp. n. (Figs. 17-18.) UGANDA : Kaazi, 12 . viii . 1954, i <$, (R. Hartland-Rowe} . Jinja, at light, ix-x . 1954, 2 <, (P. S. Corbet). <$ (in 2% formaldehyde solution). Turbinate eyes light chocolate-brown, lower eyes purplish brown. Thorax shining brown above (in the type somewhat obscured FIGS. 17, 18. Hagenulus fasciatus sp. n. Q*. (17) Wings, with hind wing more enlarged. (18) Forceps-base, forceps and penis-lobes, ventral. by an adventitious white deposit), dull ochraceous and brownish at the sides. Anterior femur ginger-brown, tibia with basal two-thirds fuscous, apex and tarsus white. Median and posterior legs with femora ochraceous, with a broad median ring of light ginger-brown, apices fuscous ; tibiae fuscous on basal third, remainder and 82 NEW SPECIES OF UGANDA EPHEMEROPTERA tarsi whitish. Fore wing hyaline, slightly fuscous basally, venation pale fuscous (fig. 17). Hind wing hyaline, with a narrow, transverse, fuscous band at the level of the costal projection ; basad of this transverse band the membrane is very pale fuscous and the apex, beyond the band, colourless. Costal projection acute, prominent. Abdomen above shining brown, tergite I with an ochraceous patch on each side, tergite IX with an inverted, L-shaped, ochraceous patch laterally. Sternites pale fuscous, I, VIII and IX mainly ochraceous. Cerci fuscous basally, shading to whitish with narrow, fuscous annulations. Forceps pale fuscous, whitish apically. Forceps- base with a sinuous apical margin, its centre with a small median excision. Basal segment of forceps (fig. 18) long, moderately broad, the inner margin becoming closer to the outer about midway, where the forceps is curved inwards. Second and third segments small, third about half as large as second. Penis-lobes long, slender, sub- parallel and tapering. The outer margin is dilated immediately before the apex, which carries a small, out-turned beak. Length of fore wing 7-5 mm. c type (Kaazi) in 2% formaldehyde solution (one pair of wings dry and genitalia mounted in euparal on microscope slides) ; one paratype in Brit. Mus. (N.H.), one paratype in E.A.F.R.O. collection, Jinja. This species differs from H. scotti Ulmer in its larger size, denser venation and in the striking, pigmented pattern of the hind wing. It also resembles in venation Habrophlebiodes semicastanea Gillies, but in this Indian species the hind wing is unpigmented. Family TRICORYTHIDAE Tricorythus tinctus sp. n. (Figs. 19-21.) UGANDA: Owen Falls Dam, at light, collected dead, 24.^.1954, 30 ^, 15 ?, (P. S. Corbet}. Jinja, Ripon Falls, 25 . viii . 1954, i $, 2 $ (R. Hartland-Rowe). Jinja, at light, xii.i954, 3 $, 5 $, (P. S. Corbet). cJ. Head and eyes pitchy black, with a pair of small white spots on the vertex between the ocelli. Antenna with basal segment whitish, inner surface shaded with piceous, remainder of antenna translucent whitish. Pronotum piceous, with scattered whitish markings, the centre and lateral markings suffused with reddish purple. Meso- and metathorax pale ochraceous, mesonotum very finely stippled with piceous, sutures piceous, the triangular posterior part slightly tinged with purplish. Meta- notum with a transverse, piceous band. Femora blackish, banded midway and at apices with white. Tibiae blackish, with white apices, tarsi greyish, white at apices. Wings hyaline, costal and subcostal areas grey, veins yellowish and narrowly margined with yellowish, giving the wings a yellowish tinge. Abdominal segments I-VIII transparent, tergites shaded with blackish apically, I-VI tinged with reddish purple except at the base, IX-X blackish. Cerci transparent whitish. Forceps-base whitish, its apical margin produced in a triangle. Forceps colourless, semi-transparent and long, terminal segment about one and one half times as long as, and about as broad NEW SPECIES OF UGANDA EPHEMEROPTER A 83 as the basal, not or scarcely tapering, slightly incurved from beneath. Basal segment a little constricted about midway. Penis long and slender, colourless and semi- transparent except at its apex, which is ochraceous. From the side it tapers gradually to an acute apex, from beneath the apex is narrowly spoon-shaped, with a median excision. 21 FIGS. 19-21. Tricorythus tinctus sp. n. , (P. S. Corbet). <$ (in 70% alcohol). Head pale cream, shaded with greyish, eyes black, ocelli ringed with black basally. Antennae whitish, terminal filament greyish. Pronotum pale, with indefinite greyish markings. Mesonotum pale ochraceous, sutures pale fuscous. Metanotum pale ochraceous. Anterior legs grey, with darker markings, other legs white. Wings hyaline, anterior margin shaded with grey, costa, subcosta and radius grey, other veins pale. Abdomen translucent whitish, tergites VIII-X lightly shaded with grey, VIII-IX also with a fine blackish lateral line on each side. Cerci transparent, whitish. Forceps white or very pale grey, penis white. Forceps- base roundly produced at its apex between the forceps, which are moderately slender, slightly wider at base and apex, the latter terminating in an acute, inwardly-directed spine. Penis-lobes broad at base, somewhat narrower and parallel-sided from a little before midway to apex, which is widely and deeply excised. $. Colouration and markings similar to male. Length of fore wing $ 1-9 mm., $ 2-2 mm. <$ type mounted in euparal as a microscope preparation, $ allotype in 2% formal- dehyde solution ; paratypes in Brit. Mus. (N.H.) and E.A.F.R.O. collection. This species differs from Caenodes ulmeri Kimmins in its generally paler colouring, the more slender forceps, rounded forceps-base and less constricted, more deeply excised penis-lobes. Caenis brevipes sp. n. (Figs. 24, 25.) UGANDA : Jinja, at light, xii.i954, 6 <, i $, (P. S. Corbet). $ (in 70% alcohol). Head fuscous above, with whitish sutures and fine dots, back of head whitish. Ocelli white, eyes purplish black. Antenna white, joints and terminal style lightly fuscous. Pronotum dark grey with whitish markings. Meso- and metathorax creamy white, faintly shaded with pale grey. Legs whitish, anterior NEW SPECIES OF UGANDA EPHEMEROPTERA 85 femur streaked with fuscous, strongly so along upper margin. Fore leg rather shorter than is normal in Caenis but longer than in Caenodes, fore tibia about as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined (fig. 24). Wing hyaline, anterior margin (costal, subcostal and radial areas) purplish grey. Abdomen whitish, all tergites shaded with grey, leaving only a narrow band at base and apex and a narrow, median stripe whitish. Lateral margins of tergites II-VI also whitish, III-VI with a more definite FIGS. 22-25. Caenodes and Caenis. (22) Caenodes jinjana sp. n., .fi 105 FIG. 2. Characters employed irTthe^keys. a. Generalized anopheline wing, b.c., Basal costal interruption ; c., costal vein ; p.a.d., preapical dark spot ; p.a.s., pre-accessory sector spot ; p.s.d., presector dark spot ; s.c., subcostal vein ; s.p.a., sector pale area ; u.f., upper fork cell ; 1-6, First to sixth veins. b. Generalized thorax in lateral view, showing principal seta- and scale-bearing areas. a.p.n., anterior pronotal ; ex., coxal; l.me., lower mesepimeral ; p.a., prealar ; p.p., propleural ; p.p.n., posterior pronotal ; p.sp., postspiracular ; s., scutal (mesonotal) ; sc., scutellar ; sp., spiracular ; st.p., sternopleural. c. Anopheline head (diagrammatic), c., Clypeus, /., first segment of antennal flagellum ; f.s., upright forked scales of vertex ; /./., frontal tuft ; p., bases of palps ; pr., base of proboscis ; t., torus. d. Head of Anopheles sergenti (pale form), a., Antenna ; /., frontal hairs ; f.cl., fronto- clypeus ; i.cl., inner clypeal hair ; m.br., mouth brush ; o.cl., outer clypeal hair ; p.cl., posterior clypeal hair. e. Generalized thorax of anopheline larva (dorsal on the left, ventral on the right), i.s.h., Inner shoulder hair ; t.p.h., thoracic palmate hair ; p., long propleural bristles ; m., long mesopleural bristles ; mi., long metapleural bristles. f. Terminal segments of larva of Anopheles hyrcanus. a.p., Anal papillae ; l.c.s., lower caudal seta ; p., pecten ; s., saddle ; s.h., saddle hair ; u. c. s., upper caudal seta ; v.br., ventral brush. g. Fifth abdominal segment of larva of Anopheles culicifacies adenensis. a.a.t., Anterior accessory tergal plate ; m.t., main tergal plate ; p.a.t., posterior accessory tergal plates ; p.h., palmate hair. ENTOM, IV. 3. io6 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I FIG. 3. Characters employed in the keys (continued). a. Terminal segments of larva of Aedes vittatus from Awabil showing atypical comb spines, b.a., Barred area of ventral brush ; c., comb ; l.c.s., lower caudal seta ; p., pecten, p.c.t., bases of precratal tufts ; s., saddle ; s.h., saddle hair ; s.v.t., subventral tuft of siphon ; u.c.s., upper caudal seta. b. Mentum. b'., Culex ethiopicus ; b" '., Culex iheilevi. c. Terminal pecten teeth, c'., Aedes natronius ; c"., Culex theileri. d. Comb teeth, d'., Aedes caballus ; d"., Aedes caspius. .e. Third abdominal segment of larva of Culex pipiens (dorsal view), i., Subdorsal seta ; 6., lateral seta, f. Pre-clypeal spines. /'., Culex sitiens ; /*., Culex tritaeniorhynchus ; f"'., Culex lati- cinctus ; f""., Culex pipiens. Key to Genera 1. Female palps of the same order of length as the proboscis ; posterior edge of scutellum without conspicuous lobes ........ Anopheles. Female palps at most about one-third the length of the Proboscis, usually less ; scutellum trilobed ............ 2. 2. Spiracular bristles present ; scutum with a conspicuous white lyre-shaped marking ; costa entirely white along anterior border ; small dark spots present at bases of forks and in neighbourhood of cross- veins ,,..,, Culiseta. THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 107 Spiracular bristles absent ; scutum without such marking (except in A e. aegypti and Ae. granti) ; wings otherwise marked . . . . . . . 3. 3. Postspiracular bristles present ; fore tarsal claws of female toothed (except in Ae. granti) A edes. Postspiracular bristles absent ; fore tarsal claws of female simple .... Culex. Genus Anopheles 1 . Fore margin of wing with less than 4 spots involving both costa and vein i . 2 . Fore margin of wing with at least 4 such spots ....... 5 2. Palps with short appressed scales ; legs all dark . . . rhodesiensis ssp. rupicolus Palps with long semi-erect scales giving them a shaggy appearance ; legs with pale markings ............. 3. 3. Segment 5 of hind tarsus white . . . . . . . . . 4. Segment 5 of hind tarsus dark ......... hyrcanus. 4. First hind tarsal segment with well-marked pale basal ring .... coustani. Base of first hind tarsal segment entirely dark or at most with a few pale scales coustani var. tenebrosus. 5. Fifth hind tarsal segment white . . . . . . . . . . 6. Fifth hind tarsal segment dark or at most very narrowly pale at base . . . 8. 6. Abdominal segments largely or wholly devoid of scales (fourth and fifth hind tarsal segments wholly white) ......... pretoriensis. Abdominal segments with numerous scales which form projecting tufts at the distal corners ............. 7. 7. Distal part of second hind tarsal segment and the whole of the third to the fifth white ; front femora mainly pale with some dark speckling ; mid and hind femora with a longitudinal white line terminating in an oval spot ; tibiae mainly pale pulcherrirmis . Only the fifth hind tarsal segment entirely white, the other segments with broad white apical bands ; femora and tibiae with irregular bands and spots . pharoensis. 8. Legs speckled or tibiae with an anterior pale line and mid femora with a pale band or double spot on dorsal aspect towards apex ....... 9. Legs not so marked . . . . . . . . . . . .n. 9. Legs speckled ............ 10. Legs with tibiae striped anteriorly and mid femora with subapical pale spots ; (propleural bristles present ; preapical dark area on vein i uninterrupted) subpictus. 10. Scales present on all abdominal tergites except the first ; propleural bristles absent ; preapical dark area on vein i uninterrupted ...... stephensi. Scales present only on abdominal tergites VII and VIII ; 1-2 propleural bristles present ; preapical dark area of vein i usually with pale interruption. . gambiae. 1 1 . Wings with pale spots confined to the costal region or at most with a few additional pale scales in the neighbourhood of the cross-veins ; upright forked scales of head narrow, rodlike ............ dthali. Wings with pale spots on all or most of the veins ; upright forked scales of the usual type 12. 12. All or most of the scutum covered with narrow scales, those on the fossae somewhat broader than the rest ; base of costa pale scaled ..... multicolor. Scutal fossae bare of scales (hairs often present) ; base of costa dark . . . 13. 13. Palps dark at tip or apical pale band interrupted giving a four- banded appearance . 14. Palps three-banded, pale at tip* . . . . . . . . .17. 14. Palps dark at tip ............ 15. Palps pale at tip . . . . . . . . . . . .16. * So far as is known the type form of An. demeilloni (which is the form believed to occur in Arabia) has the female palp invariably three-banded. A four-banded form (var. carteri De Meillon & Evans) occurs in South Africa, however, and if this were encountered in Arabia it would be liable to confusion with An. cinereus. It differs from the latter in having only one propleural bristle. io8 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 15. Dark markings of wing field relatively pale and inconspicuous ; hind tarsi dark lurkhudi. Wing markings darker and much more conspicuous (the difference is well seen with the naked eye) ; first three hind tarsal segments often with distinct apical pale spots cinereus (in part). 1 6. Four or more propleural bristles present ; a well marked pre-accessory sector spot present on vein i ; first three hind tarsal segments often with distinct apical pale spots ............ cinereus (in part). Propleural bristles absent ; sector pale area uninterrupted ; hind tarsal segments at most very faintly pale at tips . ...... superpictus (in part). 17. Propleural bristles absent ; subapical segment of palp about two-thirds the length of the preceding segment or more ; (third vein largely pale ; sector pale area uninter- rupted ; scutal scales usually exceptionally broad and numerous) superpictus (in part). At least one propleural bristle present ; subapical segment of palp usually not more than about three-fifths the length of the preceding segment, often less. . . 18. 1 8. That part of vein i proximal to the presector dark spot with a well-marked dark area .............. 19. That part of vein i proximal to the presector dark spot wholly pale on upper surface of wing ............. 20. 19. Filaments of cones of female pharynx with spicular branches . . culicifacies . These filaments smooth ....... culicifacies ssp. adenensis. 20. Wing with third vein largely or wholly dark ...... sergenti. Wing with third vein largely pale . . . . . . . . .21. 21. Vein i with well-marked pre-accessory sector spot. ..... demeilloni. Pre-accessory sector spot absent or rudimentary ...... fluviatilis. Genus A edes 1. Scutum with a continuous border of white scales and a narrow median white line extending the whole length and forking in front of the scutellum ; middle tibia with an anterior white line from base to tip ; proboscis with a white line above from base nearly to tip .......... granti. Markings otherwise ........... 2. 2. Clypeus scaly (though not always in the male) ; middle femur with an anterior white stripe from base almost to tip ; scutum with strongly marked lyre-shaped orna- mentation (except in abnormally pale specimens in which the scutum may appear almost wholly whitish) ......... aegypti. Clypeus bare (except in Ae. vittatus) ; ornamentation quite otherwise . . . 3. 3. Scutum with three pairs of small, round, snow-white spots ; femora each with a preapical white ring. .......... vittatus. Otherwise marked ............ 4. 4. Hind tarsi with pale rings embracing the joints ; fifth hind tarsal segment pale caspius. Hind tarsi with pale rings confined to bases of segments ; fifth hind tarsal wholly or largely dark . . . . . . . . ... 5. 5. Several lower mesepimeral bristles present ; abdominal tergites II-VI largely creamy, each with a pair of dark spots ....... caballus. At most one lower mesepimeral bristle present, usually none ; tergites otherwise marked ............. 6. 6. Wing scales all dark (except sometimes at base of costa and first vein) ; tibiae dark or inconspicuously speckled ......... arabiensis. Wings with at least some scattered pale scales ; tibiae heavily speckled . . 7. 7. Wing with relatively few pale scales which are mainly confined to the basal half hirsutus var. adenensis. Whole wing with numerous scattered pale scales ... . , . natronius. THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 109 Genus Culex 1 . At least four lower mesepimeral bristles present ; femora and tibiae each with an anterior row of well marked pale spots ; tarsi dark ; proboscis unringed (although some pale scales may be present in middle beneath) .... tigripes. At most three lower mesepimeral bristles present (except sometimes in C. duttoni) ; markings otherwise ..... .... 2. 2. No lower mesepimeral bristle present ; proboscis usually with a well developed pale ring in middle ; tarsi with distinct pale rings at the joints . . 3- 1-3 lower mesepimeral bristles present ; proboscis usually without a complete pale ring ; tarsi dark (except in C. duttoni} . . . . . 5- 3. Wings with numerous scattered pale scales ; abdominal tergites with apical pale bands of even width ethiopicus. Wings with few or no pale scales (except sometimes on posterior margin of costa) ; abdominal tergites with pale bands basal . . . . . . . 4- 4. Fore and mid femora with numerous scattered pale scales on the anterior surface ; upper fork cell of wing short, its base distal to that of the lower fork . sitiens. Fore and mid femora with few or no scattered pale scales ; upper fork cell usually longer, its base at least slightly proximal to that of the lower fork cell tritaeniorhynchus . 5. Tarsi, especially of hind legs, with narrow pale rings ; (usually with more than one lower mesepimeral bristle ; middle tibia with white anterior stripe ; hind tibia dark) duttoni. Tarsi dark ........... 6. 6. Abdominal tergites without complete basal pale bands (basi-lateral pale patches or apical pale bands or patches may be present) . . . . . . . 7- Abdominal tergites with complete basal pale bands . . . . . . 1 1 7. Abdominal tergites without apical pale markings . . . . . . . 8. Abdominal tergites with apical pale markings . . . . . . .10. 8. Vertex with a band of broad whitish scales adjoining the eyes ; integument of scutum and pleurae with a frosty grey appearance ...... nebulosus. All decumbent scales of vertex narrow ; integument of scutum and pleurae brown . 9. 9. First hind tarsal segment approximately equal in length to the tibia ; prealar scales present .......... univittatus var. neavei. This segment much shorter than the tibia ; prealar scales absent . . pusillus. 10. Abdominal tergites with the apical pale bands broad and complete ; postspiracular scales present ........... arbieeni. Abdominal tergites with apical pale bands narrow or incomplete (sometimes reduced to small apicolateral patches) ; postspiracular scales absent . . salisburiensis. 11. Postspiracular and prealar scales present . '. . . . . . . 12. Postspiracular scales always and prealar scales usually absent . . . . 15. 12. Hind tibia (and sometimes also the fore and mid femora and tibiae) with pale anterior stripe ............ 13. Femora and tibiae without pale anterior stripes (except sometimes on the mid leg in C. simpsoni) ............ 14. 13. Hind femur with anteroventral dark stripe on about the distal half ; upper and lower scale patches on sternopleura confluent ; basal bands on abdominal tergites produced posteriorly in the mid-line, at least on anterior segments . . theileri. Hind femur with only about the distal one-eighth of the anteroventral surface dark ; upper and lower scale patches on sternopleura separate ; abdominal tergites with basal pale bands or spots without posterior prolongation in the mid-line univittatus. 14. Sternites usually with dark apical bands ; front coxae with some dark scales ; (male palps normal) ........... simpsoni. no THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I Sternites often without dark apical bands ; scales of front coxae sometimes all pale ; (male palps shorter than usual and nearly bare) . . . . . sinaiticus. 15. Sternites with dark apical bands ; (scutal scales with pronounced reddish tint ; proboscis dark beneath) ......... decens. Sternites without dark apical bands . . . . _ . . . . 16. 1 6. Two to four lower mesepimeral bristles normally present ; proboscis dark beneath . laticinctus. Only one lower mesepimeral bristle normally present ; proboscis partly pale beneath 17. 17. Wing length about 6 mm.; (only a few hairs present on apical segments of male palps) ......... ,\ ., mattinglyi. Wing length about 4 mm.; (male palps hairy as usual). ..... 18. 1 8. Scutal scales reddish brown ; (upper fork cell, in female, more than three times as long as its stem ; male palps exceeding the proboscis by the length of the apical segment and about half the length of the subapical) .... pipiens. Scutal scales more buff tinted or scutal integument paler ; (male palps exceeding the proboscis by at most the length of the apical segment) . . . . . 19. 19. Upper fork cell of wing at least three times the length of its stem pipiens var. molestus. Upper fork cell at most about two and a half times the length of its stem pipiens ssp. fatigans. KEYS TO FOURTH STAGE LARVAE Key to Genera 1. Siphon absent ........... Anopheles. Siphon present ............ 2. 2. Siphon with numerous subventral tufts .... .... Culex. Siphon with only one subventral tuft . . . . . . . . 3. 3. Subventral tuft of siphon arising near base ...... Culiseta. Subventral tuft arising at about half way between base and apex of siphon or beyond ............. Aedes Genus Anopheles 1. Inner clypeal hairs with bases nearly touching . . . . , . . 2. Inner clypeal hairs with bases widely separated . . . . . . . 3. 2. Pecten with 9-14 long teeth, usually at least 10 ; inner shoulder hair (hair i of prothorax) often branched from near base . . coustani, coustani var. tenebrosus. Pecten with 6-9 long teeth ; inner shoulder hair usually simple or branched at tip only ............. hyrcanus. 3. Outer clypeal hairs branched . . . . . . . . . . 4. Outer clypeal hairs simple or at most frayed or split at tip . . . . 5. 4. Outer clypeal hairs with 4-12 branches ; inner clypeal hairs distinctly frayed with several delicate branches on the distal two-thirds ; one long mesopleural bristle simple ........... pulcherrimus . Outer clypeal hairs with about 20-45 branches ; inner clypeal hairs lightly feathered beyond middle ; both long mesopleurals simple ..... pharoensis. 5. Main tergal plates on abdominal segments 1 1 1- VI I very large, their posterior borders enclosing the anterior accessory tergal plate ; width of main plate on segment V at least three-quarters of the distance between the palmate hairs ; (metathoracic palmate hair exceptionally well developed) .... fluviatilis. Anterior accessory tergal plates always entirely free ; width of main tergal plate on segment V not more than two-thirds of the distance between the palmate hairs (except sometimes in An. sergenii and An. culicifacies adenensis) ... 6. 6. Both long mesopleural bristles feathered ; mouthbrushes projecting at right angles to the long axis of the fronto-clypeus . . . . . . . 7. THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I in At least one mesopleural bristle simple (except as an occasional aberration in An. multicolor) ; mouthbrushes, when fully expanded, projecting obliquely . . 8. 7. Leaflets of abdominal palmate hairs with well marked shoulders on segments III-VII ; filaments of leaflets sharply pointed and about half length of blades . . cinereus. Well developed palmate hairs on segments IV- VI I only ; filaments of leaflets extremely short and blunt ......... turkhudi. 8. Both long metathoracic pleural hairs feathered . . . . . . . 9- One long metathoracic pleural hair simple . . . . . . . .13- 9. Both long mesothoracic pleural bristles usually simple (the dorsal one sometimes split at about its middle into 2-4 branches) ; (bases of frontal hairs not surrounded by discrete dark spots ; inner anterior clypeal hairs devoid of fraying) . . subpictus. One long mesopleural bristle feathered . . . . . . . .10. 10. Seta i of metathorax differentiated to form a palmate hair ; inner anterior clypeal hairs with delicate fraying ; (no pigmentation round bases of frontal hairs) superpictus. Seta i of metathorax undifferentiated ; inner anterior clypeal hairs without fraying (except sometimes in An. stephensi. A single barbule sometimes present in An. pretoriensis) . . . . . . . . . . .II. 11. Inner shoulder hair (prothoracic hair i) with basal tubercle absent or very poorly developed ; (well marked dark spots round bases of frontal hairs which may be fused to form a continuous band) ........ . multicolor. Inner shoulder hair with well developed chitinized tubercle . . . . . 12. 12. Palmate hair of segment II of abdomen small but with shoulders of leaflets well developed ; basal tubercles of inner and middle shoulder hairs (prothoracic hairs i and 2) often fused ; metathorax sometimes with a pair of small submedian tergal plates ; inner anterior clypeal hairs simple or at most with a single small barbule pretoriensis. Palmate hair of segment II poorly developed ; basal tubercles of shoulder hairs separate ; metathorax without tergal plates ; inner anterior clypeal hairs often frayed ............ stephensi. 13. Both long mesopleural bristles simple (one occasionally feathered on one side of the thorax as an aberration in An. dthali) . . . . . . . .14. One long mesopleural bristle feathered . . . . . . . .17. 14. Inner shoulder hair (prothoracic hair i) without chitinized basal tubercle ; posterior accessory tergal plates absent ; inner anterior clypeal hairs often frayed . gambiae. Inner shoulder hairs with chitinized basal tubercles ; paired posterior accessory tergal plates present on posterior abdominal segments ; inner anterior clypeal hairs always simple ............. 15. 15. Both pairs of caudal hairs with branches strongly hooked ; posterior clypeal hairs approximately equal in length to the outer anterior clypeals . . . dthali. Branches of inner (upper) caudal hairs straight, their ends not recurved ; posterior clypeal hairs distinctly shorter than the outer clypeals . . . . . 16. 1 6. Fronto-clypeus with a characteristic dark Y-shaped marking, the paired arms of which extend forward well beyond the frontal hairs culicifacies ssp. adenensis (in part) . Clypeus otherwise marked ........ culicifacies. 17. Inner (upper) caudal hairs with branches straight, their ends not recurved ; paired posterior accessory tergal plates always present on posterior abdominal segments culicifacies. ssp. adenensis (atypical). Inner caudal hairs with at least some branches hooked ; paired posterior accessory tergal plates absent (except in An. dthali and sometimes in A n. sergenti) . . 18. 1 8. Paired posterior accessory tergal plates present on posterior abdominal segments sergenti (in part). These plates entirely absent .......... 19. 112 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. 1 19. Integument of fronto-clypeus frequently with a well marked dark band immediately posterior to the frontal hairs ; base of antenna with spicules subequal ; inner anterior clypeal hairs simple . . . . . . . . . .20. Integument of fronto-clypeus often appearing almost unicolorous, at most with faintly marked spots which do not form a continuous band behind the frontal hairs ; base of antenna with some spicules conspicuously longer than the others and these tending to form a distinct group ; inner anterior clypeal hairs often lightly frayed rhodesiensis ssp. rupicolus. 20. Tubercle at base of inner shoulder hair (hair i of prothorax) variable in size, usually small, sometimes absent ; width of main tergal plate on segment V of abdomen at least two-thirds of the distance between the palmate hairs, often more sergenti (in part) . Tubercle at base of inner shoulder hair large and strongly chitinized ; main tergal plates smaller, the width of that on segment V not more than five-eighths of the distance between the palmate hairs ....... demeilloni. Genus A edes 1. Antenna smooth ; antennal seta minute, single ; ventral brush without precratal tufts proximal to the main barred area . . . . . . . . 2. Antenna usually spiculate (the spicules often few and small, and perhaps sometimes absent altogether, in Ae. vittatus and Ae. natronius) ; antennal seta usually branched (sometimes single in A e. vittatus) ; ventral brush with two or more tufts proximal to the barred area . . . . . . . . . 3. 2. Submedian denticles of typical comb spines strongly developed giving these spines a trifid appearance under low powers of the microscope .... aegypti. Submedian denticles of typical comb spines very small, only an occasional aberrant spine appearing trifid . . . . . . . . . . granti. 3. Head hairs 5 and 6 (inner and mid frontal hairs, hairs C and B, respectively, of Hopkins, 1952) single or double, about equal in length ..... 4. Either one at least of these hairs (usually both) with three or more branches or hair 6 much longer (and usually stouter) than 5 . . . . . . 7. 4. Comb of 25-30 spines with median denticles not, or only slightly, more conspicuous than the lateral ones .......... caspius. Comb of at most 1 2 spines, typical spines with stout median denticle and basal fringe (the median denticle sometimes reduplicated and the Submedian denticles sometimes hypertrophied in aberrant spines) . . . . . . . 5. 5. Pecten with none of the spines more widely spaced than the others . . . caballus. Pecten with at least one of the distal spines more widely spaced . . . . 6. 6. Antenna very sparsely spiculate (if at all) ; head seta 5 simple ; pecten with only one tooth more widely spaced and this lying beyond the subventral siphonal tuft vittatus. Antenna more strongly spiculate ; head seta 5 plumose ; pecten with 1-3 of the distal teeth more widely spaced and these all lying proximal to the subventral tuft arabiensis. 7. Antenna very sparsely spiculate (if at all) ; pecten teeth drawn out at their tips into long, slender, transparent filaments ; head seta 6 with at least two branches, often more, not or only slightly longer than 5 . . . . ... natronius. Antenna more strongly spiculate ; pecten teeth of more normal type ; head seta 6 normally single, rarely double, much longer and usually stouter than 5 hirsutus var. adenensis. Genus Culex i. Setae of mouth -brushes modified to form strong curved spines ; pecten teeth extend- ing to apex of siphon .......... tigripes. Setae of mouth-brushes unmodified ; pecten not extending to apex of siphon . 2. THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 113 2. Siphon with about 20 subdorsal setae on distal two-thirds ; (thorax and abdomen strongly spiculate) -.. , . . . . . . . . arbieeni. Siphon with at most about 8 subdorsal setae, usually less . . . . . 3. 3. Siphon very strongly swollen, biconvex, with long single subventral setae and a more or less well marked dark band near the apex ...... duttoni. Siphon otherwise ............ 4. 4. Comb composed wholly or partly of spines . . . . . . . . 5. Comb composed entirely of scales (though these may look like spines in lateral view) 8. 5. Men turn a straight-sided triangle edged with numerous very minute teeth ; comb With at most nine teeth ; pecten confined to extreme base of siphon . . ethiopicus. Mentum less regular in shape with large teeth ; comb with at least about fourteen teeth ; pecten more extensive . . . . . . . . . 6. 6. Comb composed of spines only ; more distal pecten teeth very large and strongly curved .... ........ theileri. Comb usually composed partly of scales ; distal pecten teeth not strongly modified. 7. 7. Pecten extending for one-third the length of the siphon or less . . . simpsoni. Pecten longer than this .......... sinaiticus. 8. Head setae 5 and 6 single ; siphon strongly flared at tip . . . salisburiensis . Head setae 5 and 6 with at least two branches ; siphon not or only very slightly flared at tip ............ 9. 9. Head and siphon blackish ; antenna less than half length of head ; siphonal index 3 or less ; anal papillae about three times the length of the saddle . . nebulosus. Head and siphon at most dark brown ; antenna at least half the length of the head ; siphonal index usually greater ; anal papillae usually shorter than this . . 10. 10. Pre-clypeal spines short, dark and extremely thick ; anal papillae very small and rounded, about half the length of the saddle or less ; (siphonal index not more than 6, usually less) ........... sitiens. Without this combination of characters . . . . . . . .II. 1 1 . Siphonal index 6 or more . . . . . . . . . . .12- Siphonal index less than 6 . . . . . . . . . .16- 12. Pre-clypeal spines long, hairlike ; siphonal index at most 6-5 . . pipiens (in part). Pre-clypeal spines shorter, spinelike or siphonal index more than 7-5, usually both . 13. 13. Pre-clypeal spines stout, blackish ; subventral tufts of siphon at least slightly longer than the diameter of the siphon at point of attachment . . . tritaeniorhynchus . Pre-clypeal spines more slender, usually paler ; subventral tufts at most equal in length to the diameter of the siphon at point of attachment . . . . 14. 14. Denticles of more distal pecten teeth numerous, very regular in size and arising along the whole ventral side of the tooth . . . . . . . sp. indet. Denticles of more distal pecten teeth less numerous (at most 5), irregular in size and position and not arising along the whole length of the tooth . . . . 15. 15. Siphonal index 8-n ; ventral pair of anal papillae markedly shorter than the dorsal pair ; lateral hair of abdominal segments III and V very long and single . decens. Siphonal index 6-7-5 ; ventral pair of anal papillae not much shorter than the dorsal pair ; lateral hair of segments III and V with at least two branches . . univittatus. 1 6. Inner (upper) caudal seta with at least four branches ; ventral brush with 13-15 tufts (usually 14) ; mentum with 7-8 teeth on either side of the main central tooth ; preclypeal spines spinelike ......... laticinctus. Inner caudal seta with at most three branches; ventral brush with 12-13 tufts (usually 12) ; mentum with 7-13 lateral teeth ; preclypeal spines hairlike . . 17. 17. Subventral tufts arising very close to the mid line, the most distal very near the apex ; antenna strongly pigmented at base and beyond antennal tuft, pale in between ; mentum with 7-8 teeth on either side of the central tooth . . . . pusillus. H4 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I Subventral tufts more lateral in position ; antenna more or less unicolorous or contrast between light and dark areas relatively slight ; mentum with lateral teeth usually more numerous . . . . . . -. ; .18. 18. Siphon with 11-16 subventral tufts ; pecten with 14-19 teeth ; thoracic integument distinctly spiculated ; several of the subventral siphonal tufts inserted basad of the distal end of the pecten ...... t . mattinglyi. Siphon with 6-10 subventral tufts ; pecten with 8-19 teeth ; thoracic integument without distinct spiculation ; at most one pair of subventral tufts inserted basad of the distal pecten tooth . . . . . . . . . .19. 19. Siphonal index usually more than 5 ; (subdorsal seta (hair i) of abdominal segment III(and to a less extent IV) usually double*) . . . ' . . pipiens (in part). Siphonal index never more than 4-8, usually less ....... 20. 20. Hair i of abdominal segments III and IV usually double* . . pipiens var. molestus. This hair usually single* . . . . . . . pipiens ssp. fatigans. DISTRIBUTION RECORDS In many cases the following records were published without citing the date of collection. Wherever possible the dates in question have been ascertained from the data labels of preserved specimens and are here included. The boundaries of the various political divisions of the Arabian peninsula are shown in Text-fig. 2 The abbreviations B.M., L.S.H. and U.S.N.M. refer to the British Museum, the London School of Hygiene and the United States National Museum respectively. Anopheles coustani s. str. W. SAUDI ARABIA. Jadaliya, 25. xi. 1936, H. St.J. B. Philby (B.M.). Anopheles coustani var. tenebrosus. E. SAUDI ARABIA. Katif and El-Khobar area. C. M. Hopkins (as An. coustani s.L, Leeson, 1948 : 254), near Hoffuf 4.11.1944, C. M Hopkins (as An. hyrcanus, Leeson, 1948:254), Ain Rohem, 14.1^.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.), El-Ajam, R. H. Daggy (Leeson, 1948 : 254), Ras Tanura, 29.iii. 1948, El-Ajam, 7.1-25.11.1948, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.). OMAN. Jurbaib, 29. x. 1930, B. S. Thomas (as An. mauritianus de Gr. & de Ch., Edwards in Thomas, 1931 : 235, as An. coustani var. tenebrosus, Evans, 1938 : 73). Anopheles cinereus. YEMEN. El-Amra, 9.1.1951, El-Hauban (Wadi el-Malah), 6.1.1951, Birket Ghail Masnah, 5.11.1951, Wadi Mai el-Ghail, 7.11.1951, San'a, 12.11.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536 : 219), San'a, viii.1945, L. Merucci (L.S.H. ). W. ADEN PROT. Hardeba, xii.i904, 1.1905, Sulek, 1.1905, Jebel Jehaf, D'thala, W. S. Patton (as An. jehafi sp. n., Patton, 1905 : 632, as An. cinereus, Edwards, 1912 : 249), Mikhuras, x.1954 (B.M.). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Abah, 19 and 22.1944, A. R. Waterston (B.M.). Anopheles culicifacies. BAHREIN. Manama, Arad (Afridi & Majid, 1938 : 469). TRUCIAL OMAN. Most parts, C. M. Hopkins (Leeson, 1948 : 254), Dmeith, 29-iii. 1944 El-Kelba, 30.1^.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.). OMAN. Wadi Bait al-Falaj, xi. 1914-111. 1915 and x-xii.igis, Muscat, Darsait, Sidab, x-xii.igis, C. A. Gill (Gill, 1916 : 208). Anopheles culicifacies ssp. adenensis. YEMEN. Hodeida, ii, iv and v.1944 and vi.i945, L. Merucci (as An. culicifacies var. adenensis, Buxton, 1944: 211, Merucci, * This is a statistical character involving the examination of at least 10 specimens of any one form. Hybrids are intermediate. (See Knight (iQ53c), who, however, erroneously described the subdorsal seta as hair 4). THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I FIG. 4. Political divisions of the Arabian peninsula. The boundary between the Ethiopian and palaearctic regions is taken from Chapin (1932 : 90). 116 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 1954 : 211, as An. adenensis, De Meillon, 1947 : 100), 28, 29 and 31.1.1951, K. L. Knight (as An. adenensis, Knight, 19536 : 219). W. ADEN PROT. Aden (as An. culicifacies, Phipson, 1934 : 46), Hinterland, K. Chand (as An. culicifacies, Christo- phers & Chand, 1915 : 186), Sheikh Othman, Dar al-'Amir, Al-Anad, Lahej (as An. culicifacies var. adenensis, Christophers, 1924:296). SOCOTRA. Hadibo, 7-8. xii. 1942, ii. i. 1943, Kathub, Wadi Tintern, Nee, G. F. W. Hart (as An. culicifacies var. adenensis, Leeson & Theodor, 1948:225), Hadibo, ^.1954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.), Khor Hadjun, 12. xii. 1942, G. F. W. Hart (L.S.H.), Unnamed localities, G. F. W. Hart (De Meillon, 1947:101). TRUCIAL OMAN. El-Kelba, 30.1^.1944, C. M. Hopkins (Leeson, 1948 : 254). Anopheles demeilloni. YEMEN. Wadi Grab (near Ma'bar), 6.ii.i95i, K. L. Knight (as An. fluviatilis, Knight, 19536 : 220). W. ADEN PROT. Mikhuras, x.1954 (B.M.). Anopheles dthali. YEMEN. Wadi Raidan, 25.1.1951, Wadi Siham (near 'Obal, 4.ii.i95i, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536:220), Wadi So'lu (near Ta'izz), vi.i945, Wadi Rishan, (near Ta'izz), xii. 1946, C. Toffolon (Buxton, 1944 : 211). W. ADEN PROT. Hardeba, x.i 904-^.1905, Sulek, 1.1905, D'thala, Nobat Dakim, W. S. Patton (Patton, 1905 : 627), Wadi Tiban (as An. rhodesiensis , Christophers & Chand, 1915 : 182, as An. dthali, Christophers & Puri, 19316 : 1134). Wadi Ma'adin, 2 and 11.11.1940, Huweimi, Qoreina and Kirsh (Wadi Natd), Tor um Baha, P. W. R. Petrie (Petrie & Seal, 1943 : 42-81). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Jedda, 22.1.1946, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). E. ADEN PROT. Mukalla, ii and Hi . 1952, Jizwal, 27 . iv . 1953, Meifa 28. iv. 1953, Mehmida, 26. iv. 1953, Sidara, 22. iv. 1953, Harshiyat, iii.i953, 27. iv. 1953, Khirba, 111.1953, Wasita, Geregeri, 25^.1953, Urfat Subai, Sukhal al-Dis, 24. v. 1953, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). SOCOTRA. Everywhere (as An. dthali var. wardi var. nov., Leeson & Theodor, 1948 : 222), Hadibo, 8. xii. 1942, Kallansiya, 5.1.1943, Kathub, 5-6. xii. 1942, Khor Hadjun, 7. xii. 1942, Wadi Killiem, 17.1.1943, G. F. W. Hart (B.M.), Kathub, 28. xii. 1942, Kallansiya, 6.1.1943, Hayoo, 7.1.1943, Devil's Creek, 7. xii. 1942, A'aith, 14.1.1943, Mouri, 21. xii. 1942, Beyond Goor, 15.1.1953, G. F. W. Hart (L.S.H.), Hadibo, 11.1954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). OMAN. Wadi Bait al-Falaj, iii-vi.igis and x-xii.igis, C. A. Gill (as An. rhodesiensis, Gill, 1916 : 209). Anopheles fluviatilis. E. SAUDI ARABIA. Near Katif, El-Khobar, 1.1944, Hoffuf, C. M. Hopkins (Leeson, 1948 : 254), Saihat, 1.1947-11.1948, R. H. Daggy (Leeson, 1948:254), Hoffuf, 6.11.1944, Safwa, 14.111.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.), Saihat, 10. xi. 1947, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.). BAHREIN. Manama (Afridi & Majid, 1938 : 469). OMAN. Wadi Bait al-Falaj, xi. 1914^11.1915 and x-xii.igis (as An. funestus var. arabica, Gill, 1916 : 209, Christophers & Chand, 1915 : 189, as An. ambicus, Christophers & Puri, 19310 : 486). Anopheles gambiae. YEMEN. El-Amra, 9 . i . 1951, Ta'izz, 12 . 1 . 1951, Wadi Raidan, 25.1.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536:220), Ta'izz, C. Toffolon, 1943-1945 (Buxton, 1944 : 212, Merucci, 1954 : 211), Madinat el-Abid, 1946, Wadi Worazan 1945, C. Toffolon, ((Merucci, 1954 : 211). W. ADEN PROT. Aden (as An. subpictus, Phipson, 1934 : 46), Wadi Tiban, K. Chand (as An. costalis Theobald, Christophers & Chand, 1915 : 192), Sheik Othman, 11.1904, 1.1905, Bir Said All, 11.1905, Nobat Dakim, iii-xi.i904, Ulub, v.1904, Hardeba, iii.xi. 1904, D'thala, v-x.i9O4, Lahej, THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 117 Salim, Sulek, Am Riga, W. S. Patton, Steamer Point. Young (as An. arabiensis sp. n., Patton, 1905:626), Shuqra, i8.xii.i939, Haski, 3i.xii.i939 and 4.1.1940, Wadi Ma'adin, 4.11.1940, Kod, Abyan, Lahej, El-Waht, Huweimi, Qoreina and Kirsh (Wadi Natid), Tor urn Baha, Wadi Hidaba, Museimir, P. W. R. Petrie (Petrie & Seal, 1943:13-149), Mikhuras, x.1954 (B.M.). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Jedda, xii. 1936-1.1937, F. P. Mackie, Wadi Liya, 22.1.1937, H. St. J. B. Philby (Buxton, 1944:212). E. ADEN PROT. Al-Hadba, in. 1952, Harshiyat, iii.i953 and 27. iv. 1953, Jizwal, 27. iv. 1953, Hauta (Hajr), 24.^.1953, Jol Bahawa, i8.iv.i953, Meifa, 28. iv. 1953, Sidara, 22. iv. 1953, Rukub, iii.1953, Al-Ais, iii.1953, Khirba, iii.i953, Amd Town, 1.1954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). Anopheles multicolor. W. SAUDI ARABIA. Jedda, 1936, F. P. Mackie (Buxton, 1944 : 212), 22.1.1946, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). E. SAUDI ARABIA. El-Kharj, 16-22. ii. 1944, Hoffuf, 6.1i and 6.111.1944, Katif, El-Khobar, Suleimiya, C. M. Hopkins (Leeson, 1948:254), El-Kharj, 30.xii.i947, 7.11.1948, R. H. Daggy (L.S.H.), 28 . i . 1948, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.) . TRUCIAL OMAN. Ras el-Kham'ar, 24 . ill . 1944, El-Kelba, 30.111.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.). Anopheles pharoensis. YEMEN. El-Hauban (Wadi el-Malah), 16 and 19.1.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536 : 221). W. SAUDI ARABIA, Jebel el-Scharr (Martini & Hlisnikowski, 1942.* Anopheles pretoriensis. YEMEN. Wadi Raidan, 25.1.1951, Wadi Siham (near 'Obal), 4.11.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536:221), Wadi So'lu, vi.i945, C. Toffolon (L.S.H.), Wadi Worazan, 1945, C. Toffolon (Merucci, 1954 : 211). W. ADEN PROT. Hinterland as far up as Jehaf (6,800 ft.), W. S. Patton (as An. tibani sp. n., Patton, 1905 : 630, as An. pretoriensis, Christophers & Chand, 1915 : 195, as ? An. theobaldi, Buxton, 1944:212), Wadi Ma'adin, 4.11.1940, P. W. R. Petrie (Buxton, 1944 : 212), Tor um Baha, P. W. R. Petrie (Petrie & Seal, 1943 : 80). Anopheles pukherrimus. E. SAUDI ARABIA. Katif and El- Khobar area, C. M. Hopkins (Leeson, 1948 : 254), Hoffuf, 6.11.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.), El-Ajam, 12 . 1 . 1947 and 29 . vii . 1947, R. H. Daggy (L.S.H.) , El-Ajam and Saihat and Dammam, 30. ix. 1947-12. 1.1948, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.). BAHREIN. Manama, 15-21. v. 1938, Rifa a- Ash Sharqi (Afridi & Majid, 1938 : 444, 469). Anopheles rhodesiensis ssp. rupicolus. YEMEN. Ta'izz, viii-ix.i943, C. Toffolon (a.sAn.dthali, Buxton, 1944:211), 12.1.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536:223). W. ADEN PROT. Huweimi and Kirsh (Wadi Natid), 111.1940, P. W. R. Petrie (as An. rupicolus, Petrie & Seal, 1943:63, 82, Buxton, 1944:213). E. ADEN PROT. Quaidun (Wadi Duan), 5.ix.i952, L. Merucci (B.M.). Anopheles sergenti. YEMEN. El-Hauban (Wadi el-Malah), 16 and 17.1.1951, Wadi Siham (near 'Obal), 4.11.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536 : 223, San'a, 1945, L. Merucci (Merucci, 1954 : 211). W. ADEN PROT. Huweimi and Kirsh (Wadi Natid), iii. 1940, P. W. R. Petrie (as ? An. macmahoni Evans, Petrie & Seal, 1943 : 63, 82, Buxton, 1944 : 213). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Jedda, x.i948, N. L. Corkill (B.M.), * We are indebted for this record to Professor E. Martini, Dr. Jacques M. May of the American Geo- graphical Society and Dr. Jusatz of the University of Heidelberg. The original source of the record cannot be traced, and as we have no indication of the altitude concerned we have ignored it in dealing with the altitudinal distribution of An. pharoensis. n8 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I Tarfaa (Wadi Fatima), xii.i953, Madaneya (near Medina), vi.i953, W.H.O. Team (L.S.H.). E. ADEN PROT. Shibam, xi. 1951, E. Hoeck, Tarim, xi. 1951, L. Merucci (B.M.). E. SAUDI ARABIA. Katif and El-Khobar area, C. M. Hopkins (Leeson, 1948 : 254), Safwa, I4.iii.i944, Anaiza, 23.^.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.), El-Khobar, iv. 1948, El-Ajam, 1.1947, Dammam, x.1947, R. H Daggy (U.S.N.M.). BAHREIN. Manama 14. v-n. 1.1938 (Afridi & Majid, 1938 1444). Anopheles stephensi. E. SAUDI ARABIA. Hoffuf, 6 . ii . 1944, 6 . iii . 1944, Katif and El-Khobar area, C. M. Hopkins (Leeson, 1948:254), Safwa, 14.111.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.), El-Khobar, 17. iv. 1948, Dammam, 30. ix. 1947, El-Kharj, 3O.xii.i947, 7.11.1948, Saihat, 2.x. 1947, R. H. Daggy (Leeson, 1948 : 254), El- Khobar, Dammam, Saihat, El-Kharj and El-Ajam, 3.x. 1947-7. 11. 1948, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.). BAHREIN. Unnamed locality, 1.1906, A. Bennett (as Nysso- rhynchus metaboles Theobald, Giles, 1906 : 130), Sakhir, Basaitin (Afridi & Majid, 1938 : 439), Manama, I4.v-i5.vi.i938. (Afridi & Majid, 1938 : 444), Galali, Diraz, Rifa a- Ash Sharqi, Muharrak, Khamis. (Afridi & Majid, 1938 : 469). TRUCIAL OMAN. El-Kelba, 30.^1.1944, C. M. Hopkins (Leeson, 1948:254). OMAN. Darsait, x-xii.i9i5, Muscat, xi-xii.i9i5, C. A. Gill (Gill, 1916 : 208). Anopheles turkhudi. YEMEN. San'a, vi.i942, L. Merucci (Merucci, 1954:211), Aina, 5 . xii. 1936, H. St.J. B. Philby (B.M.) W. ADEN PROT. Azriki, W. S. Patton (as An. azriki sp. n., Patton, 1905 : 633, as An. turkhudi, Christophers & Chand, 1915 : 190). Hiswa (Buxton, 1944 : 212), Wadi Tiban, 1.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536:223). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Madruga, 26.x. 1936, F. P. Mackie (Buxton, 1944 : 212). Culiseta longiareolata. YEMEN. Hamman 'Ali, 5.11.1951, Wadi Dhahr, n and 13.1951, Rouda, 15.11.1951, San'a, 12.11.1951, K. L. Knight, 22-30 . ix . 1937, C. Rathjens, 26 . viii . 1946, A. R. Waterston (Knight, 19536:224). W. ADEN PROT. Mikhuras, x. 1954 (B.M.), Awabil, iv. 1954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Buraiman, 22.1.1946, E. S. Brown (B.M.). E. SAUDI ARABIA. El-Kharj, 31.1.1948, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.), 16-22.11.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.). TRUCIAL OMAN. Khars, 23.111.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.). Aedes caballus. E. ADEN PROT. Amd Town, 1.1954, Sana (Wadi Rakhya), iv.i954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). Aedes caspius. SOCOTRA. Ras Shoab, 1.1899, O. Simony (as Culex arabicus sp. n., Becker, 1931:140). E. SAUDI ARABIA. El-Kharj, 31.1-4.11.1948, Saihat, 28. ix. 1947, Dammam, 9.11.1948, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.), Hoffuf, 111.1944, C. M. Hopkins (as Ae. mariae Sergent, Hopkins, MS.). BAHREIN. Unnamed locality, 1.1906, A. Bennett (as Mansonia arabica sp. n., Giles, 1906 : 130). Aedes aegypti. YEMEN. Murawah, 30.1.1951, Hodeida, 1.11.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536 : 224), Kameran L, D. Thompson. (Lewis, 1945 : 10). W. ADEN PROT. Aden, all the year round (as Stegomyia fasciata Fabricius, Smith & Loughnan, 1914 : 706, as Ae. aegypti, Petrie & Seal, 1943 : 83), Steamer Point, n.ix.ign and TO.X-I. xii. 1912, A. Dawson (Edwards, 1941 : 130). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Mecca, B. es Sayed (Lewis, 1945:10), Jedda (Brunelli, 1936), 25.x. 1936, F. P. Mackie, 6.xi.i949, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). E. ADEN PROT. Amd, 11.1952, N. L. Corkill, Tarim, .1952, L. Merucci (Mattingly, 19530:60), Aiyad, 19. iv. 1953, Rukub, THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 119 Harshiyat, Al-Ais, Fewa and Burum, 111.1953, N. L. Corkill (Mattingly, 19536 : 296), Al-Beidha, Dis Town, Geregeri, Kami, Wasita, 25. .1953, Sukhal al-Dis, Urfat Subai, 24. v. 1953, N. L. Corkill (Mattingly & Bruce-Chwatt, 1954: 191), Mukalla and Rukub, 111.1952, Shihr, 11.1954, Shuabat Amudi (Wadi Amd), Kami al-Sharq, iv.i954, Rubat Bakhoban (Wadi Amd) and N'Air (Wadi Amd), 1.1954, Mahfud (Wadi Irma) and Sahwa and Sana (both Wadi Rakhya), iv.i954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). SOCOTRA. Ras Shoab, 1.1899, O. Simony (Becker, 1931 : 140). BAHREIN. Unnamed locality, 1.1906, A. Bennett (as Stegomyia Fasciata Fabricius, Giles, 1906:131, Edwards, 1941:130). TRUCIAL OMAN. Dubai, 19.111.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.). OMAN. Muscat, 1902, M. Biro (as St. fasciata, Theobald, 1905 :73)- Note. The pale form has been found in all the localities in the Eastern Aden Protectorate except Mukalla and Rukub. Knight (19536) records a high proportion of pale forms among his Yemen specimens. Specimens in the British Museum from Jedda, Bahrein I. and Steamer Point, Aden, are also pale. The only specimens in the British Museum which can be assigned with any confidence to the dark form are a small number from Jedda and Mukalla. Aedes granti. SOCOTRA. Dahamis, 2o.xii.i898, W. R. O. Grant (Theobald, 1901 : 306), Mouri, io-i6.xii.i942, G. F. W. Hart (Leeson & Theodor, 1948 : 226). Aedes vittatus. W. ADEN PROT. Aden, Nobat Dakim, Sheik Othman, Ulub, W. S. Patton (Patton, 1905 : 634), Jebel Jehaf (7,100 ft.), ix and x.1937, H. Scott and E. B. Britton, Aden Hinterland, 20.11.1895, . Yerbury (Edwards, 1941 : 155), Awabil, iv.i954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). E. ADEN PROT. Wadiyain, I2.viii.i936, H. St.J. B. Philby (Edwards, 1941 : 155, Mattingly, 1952 : 256). SOCOTRA. Kal- lansiya, 4.1.1943, Hadibo, Kathub, G. F. W. Hart (Leeson & Theodor, 1948 : 227). Hadibo, 11.1954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). Aedes arabiensis. W. ADEN PROT. Ulub, v.1904, Aden (in the crater), W. S. Patton (as Culex arabiensis sp. n., Patton, 1905:633, as Aedes vexans Meigen, Edwards, 1921:323, as Ae. arabiensis, Edwards, 1941:195), Aden Hinterland, vi.i9i4, K. Chand (Edwards 1941 : 195). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Jedda, 1927, H. St.J. B. Philby (Edwards, 1941 : 195), Madruga, 26.x. 1936, F. P. Mackie (B.M.). Aedes hirsutus var. adenensis. W. ADEN PROT. Jebel Jehaf (at about 7,100 ft.), ix.i937, H. Scott & E. B. Britton (Edwards, 1941 : 198), D'thala, ix.i937, H. Scott & E. B. Britton (B.M.). Aedes natronius. YEMEN. El-Hauban (Wadi el-Malah), 19.1.1951, Hamman 'All, 5.11.1951, K. L. Knight, (Knight 19536 : 212). Culex tigripes. YEMEN. Ta'izz, 12 and 18.1.1951, K. L. Knight, Usaifira, xii.i937, H. Scott and E. B. Britton (Knight, 19536 : 225). W. ADEN PROT. Jebel Jehaf (7,100 ft.), E. B. Britton (Edwards, 1941 : 249), D'thala, W. S. Patton (as Culex concolor Robineau Desvoidy, Patton, 1905 : 636). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Abah, 22.vii.i944, A. R. Waterston (B.M.). Culex arbieeni. YEMEN. El-Hauban (Wadi el-Malah), 16.1.1951, Wadi Mai el-Ghail, 7.11.1951, K. L. Knight (as Culex jenkinsi sp. n., Knight, 19530 : 324). Culex salisburiensis. YEMEN. Wadi Grab (near Ma'abar), 6.11.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536 : 226). 120 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I Culex sp. Met. YEMEN. El-Hauban (Wadi el-Malah), 19.1.1951, K. L. Knight (as ? Cule.v jenkinsi sp. n., Knight, 19536 : 225 (larva only)). Culex nebulosus. YEMEN. Ta'izz, 17.1.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536 : 228). Culex pusillus. E. SAUDI ARABIA. El-Ajam, 4 . ix . 1947, El-Kharj , 30 . xii . 1947, El-Khobar, 13. xii. 1947, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.), El-Kharj, 16-22.111.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.). Culex decens. YEMEN. Ta'izz, 12 and 18.1.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536 : 229). W. ADEN PROT. Tor um Baha, P. W. R. Petrie (Petrie & Seal, 1943 : 80). Culex duttoni. W. ADEN PROT. Mikhuras, x.1954 (B.M.). Culex ethiopicus. YEMEN. Wadi Siham (near 'Obal), 4.11.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536 : 229). W. ADEN PROT. D'thala, Hardeba, Nobat Dakim (as Taeniorhynchus tenax var. maculipes arabiensis var. nov., Patton, 1905 : 635), Wadi Ma'adin, 2-4. 11. 1940, P. W. R. Petrie (Edwards, 1941 : 292), Tor um Baha, P. W. R. Petrie (Petrie & Seal, 1943 : 80). Culex laticinctus. YEMEN. Ta'izz, 18 .1. 1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536 : 229). W. ADEN PROT. Awabil and Khalla, iv.i954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.), Mikhuras, x.J-954 (B.M.). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Shi Aera (near Qunfida), W.H.O. Malaria Team (L.S.H.), Buraiman, 22.1.1946, E. S. Brown (B.M.), Hima, 22. vi. 1936, H. St.J. B. Philby (Edwards, 1941 : 314). E. ADEN PROT. N'alr, Anag, Khirbat Bakarman, Amd Town, Nafhun, Shuabat Amudi (all Wadi Amd), Rubat Bakhoban, Hajrein (Wadi Duan), all 1.1954, Geidun (Wadi Laiser) and Sana (Wadi Rakhya), iv.i954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). SOCOTRA. Mouri, 13 and 20. xii. 1942, Hadibo, n and 13. xii. 1942, Kathub, 5 and 13. xii. 1942, G. F. W. Hart (Leeson & Theodor, 1948 : 228), Kallansiya, 15.1.1943, G. F. W. Hart (L.S.H.). OMAN. Muscat, 1915, C. A. Gill (Edwards, 1921 : 342). Culex mattinglyi. YEMEN. Birket Shiekh Kunnaf, 13.11.1951, Wadi Dhahr, n and 13.11.1951, Rouda, 15.11.1951, San'a, 12.11.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19530:322), San'a, 29.1.1938, -.11.1938, 9.11.1938 and -.111.1938, H. Scott and E. B. Britton (as Culex laticinctus, Edwards, 1941 : 314, as Culex mattinglyi , Knight, 19536:229). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Dhahran, 22^1.1936, H. St.J. B. Philby (as Culex laticinctus, Edwards, 1941 : 314). Culex pipiens. YEMEN. Ta'izz, 21.1.1951, Hammam 'All, 5.11.1951, K. L. Knight, Hada, 14.1.1938, San'a, 1 and 11.1938, H. Scott and E. B. Britton (Knight, 19536 : 230). W. ADEN PROT. D'thala, Nobat Dakim, Hardeba, Jebel Jehaf above 7,000 ft., W. S. Patton (Patton, 1905 : 635), Am Riga, W. S. Patton (Patton, 1905 : 627), Mikhuras, x.i954 (B.M.). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Taif, 31. x. 1936, F. P. Mackie (B.M.). E. ADEN PROT. Seiyun, 11.1952, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). E. SAUDI ARABIA. El-Kharj, land 11. 1948, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.), El-Kharj, 16-22.11.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.), Hoffuf, 11.1944, C. M. Hopkins (Hopkins, MS.). TRUCIAL OMAN. Khars, 23.111.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.). Culex pipiens ssp. fatigans. YEMEN. Murawah, 30.1.1951, K. L. Knight (as Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Knight, 19536 : 230). W. ADEN PROT. Practically everywhere including Jebel Jehaf (Patton, 1905 : 635), Lahej, x : 1935, R. C. M. Darling (B.M.), D'thala, W. S. Patton (Patton, 1905 : 636), Aden, all the year round (Smith & Loughnan, 1914 : 706), Shuqra, P. W. R. Petrie (Petrie & Seal, 1943 : 80), THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 121 Aden, 1913, W. F. M. Loughnan. (B.M.). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Jedda, 25. x. 1936, F. P. Mackie, 21. ix. 1948 and -.ix.i949, N. L. Corkill, Mecca, i6.x.i936 and i.xi.i936. F. P. Mackie (B.M.). E. ADEN PROT. Wadi Duan, xi.i935, R. C M. Darling, Rubat Bakhoban and N'Air (Wadi Amd), i.i954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). SOCOTRA. Hayoo, 7.1.1943, Kathub 5 and 6.xii.i942, Mouri, i6.xii.i942, Kallan- siya, Hadibo (Leeson & Theodor, 1948 : 228), Hadibo, ii.i954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). BAHREIN. Unnamed locality, 1.1906, A. Bennett (Giles, 1906:131). TRUCIAL OMAN. El-Kelba, 30.111.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.). OMAN. Salalah, i 29. xi. 1953, M. J. Gavin (U.S.N.M.). Culex pipiens var. molestus. W. SAUDI ARABIA. Jedda, 25.x. 1936, F. P. Mackie (B.M.). Culex simpsoni. YEMEN. El-Hauban (Wadi el-Malah), 16^.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536 : 230). Culex sinaiticus. YEMEN. Wadi Raidan, 25.1.1951, Wadi Siham (near 'Obal), 4.11.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536:231). W. ADEN PROT. Wadi Ma'adin, 2.11.1940, P. W. R. Petrie (Edwards, 1941 : 311), Tor um Baha, P. W. R. Petrie (Petrie & Seal, 1943 : 80). E. ADEN PROT. Harshiyat, iii : 1953, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). SOCOTRA. Mouri, 13.1.1943 Kathub, 5 and 6.xii.i942, Hadibo (Leeson & Theodor, 1948 : 228), Hadibo, ii : 1954, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). E. SAUDI ARABIA. Saihat, 26. ix. 1947, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.). OMAN. Muscat, 1915, C. A. Gill (B.M.). Culex sitiens. YEMEN. Hodeida, 111.1938, H. Scott and E. B. Britton, 28, 29 and 31.1 and 4.11.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536:231. W. ADEN PROT. Aden, 1913, W. F. M. Loughnan, Shuqra, P. W. R. Petrie (Petrie & Seal, 1943 : 80). W. SAUDI ARABIA. Jedda, 1936, F. P. Mackie, 1927, H. St.J. B. Philby (Edwards, 1941:298). E. ADEN PROT. Wadi Maseila, 8.xii.i934, H. Ingrams (Edwards, 1941 .-298), Harshiyat, Buaish, Al-Ais, Burum, Thilla, all iii. 1953, Shihr, 11.1954, Khon (Wadi Maseila), vii.1953, Gheil Bawazir, Hami al-Sharq and Mukalla, all iv.i954, Wasita, Hami, Al-Beidha, Dis Town, Geregeri, 25. v. 1953, Urfat Subhai, Sukhal al-Dis, 24. v. 1953, N. L. Corkill (B.M.). SOCOTRA. Ras Shoab, 1.1899, O. Simony (as Culex annulus Theobald, Becker, 1931:140), Mouri, i6.xii.i942, Khor Hadjun, 7-12 .xii. 1942, Kathub, 6.xii. 1942, G. F. W. Hart (Leeson & Theodor, 1948:227). TRUCIAL OMAN. Abu Dhubi and Sharja, 21. iii. 1944, El-Kelba, 30. iii. 1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.). OMAN. Salalah, 19. xi. 1953, M. J. Gavin (B.M.). Culex theileri. YEMEN. El-Amra, 9.1.1951, El-Hauban (Wadi elMalah) 16 and 19.1.1951, Birket Ghail Masnah, 5.11.1951, Birket Ma'agel Biet Myiad, 12.11.1951, K. L. Knight, Hada, 1.1938, H. Scott and E. B. Britton, San'a, x.i937, C. Rathjens, 1.1938, H. Scott and E. B. Britton (Knight, 19536 : 232). W. ADEN PROT. Jebel Jehaf, 7,100 ft., ix. 1937, H. Scott and E. B. Britton (Edwards, 1941 : 306), Mikhuras, Culex tritaeniorhynchus. YEMEN. Wadi Siham (near 'Obal), 4.11.1951, K. L. Knight (Knight, 19536:232). E. ADEN PROT. Hauta (Hajr), 24.^.1953, Dis Town, 25 . v . 1953, Urfat Subai, 24 . v . 1953, N.L. Corkill (B.M.) . SOCOTRA. Kathub, 4-25. xii. 1 942, G. F. W. Hart (as Culex thalassius Theobald, Leeson & Theodor, ENTOM. IV. 3. 8 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 1948:228), Kallansiya, 5.1.1943, G. F. W. Hart (B.M.), Wadi Maurio, 17.1.1943, G. F. W. Hart (L.S.H.). E. SAUDI ARABIA. El-Ajam, ix.igtf, El-Khobar, x and xii . 1947, Saihat, 26 . ix . 1947, R. H. Daggy (U.S.N.M.) . OMAN. Salalah, 26 . xi . 1953, M. J. Gavin (B.M.). Culex univittatus. YEMEN. Usaifira (near Ta'izz), 13. xii. 1937, H. Scott and E. B. Britton (as C. univittatus var. neavei Theobald, Knight, 19536 : 233). OMAN. Se'harr, i.iv.i944, El-Kelba, 30.^1.1944, C. M. Hopkins (L.S.H.). LIST OF LOCALITIES Most of the localities in the Yemen were visited by one of us (K. L. K.). For details of localities in the Eastern Aden Protectorate we are indebted to Dr. N. L. Corkill. Details of a number of Philby's localities are given in Philby (1952), of Thomas's in Thomas (1931) and of Patton's in Patton (1905). Apart from this we have relied mainly on maps and on the admirable series of geographical handbooks prepared by the Naval Intelligence Division in London. In the case of wadis the latitude and longitude given are approximately those of the middle of their course. The altitudes given for Jebel el-Scharr and Jebel Jehaf are those of their summits. Approximate latitude Locality. A'aith, Socotra Abah (Abha), W. Saudi Arabia Abu Dhubi, Trucial Oman Abyan, W. Aden Prot. Aden, W. Aden Prot. Aina, Yemen Ain Rohem, E. Saudi Arabia Aiyad, E. Aden Prot. Al-Ais, E. Aden Prot. Al-Anad, W. Aden Prot. . Al-Beidha, E. Aden Prot. . Al-Hadba, E. Aden Prot. Amd Town, E. Aden Prot. Am Riga, W. Aden Prot. . Anag, E. Aden Prot. Anaiza, E. Saudi Arabia . Arad, Bahrein Awabil, W. Aden Prot. Azriki, W. Aden Prot. Baremie, Oman Basaitin, Bahrein Birket Ghail Masnah, Yemen . Birket Ma'agel-Biet Myiad, Yemen Birket Shiekh Kunnaf, Yemen . Bir Said Alt, W. Aden Prot. Buaish, E. Aden Prot. Buraiman, W. Saudi Arabia Burum, E. Aden Prot. Dahamis (Wadi), Socotra Dammam, E. Saudi Arabia Approximate altitude (ft.). 8,000 4-500 3,000 and longitude. A N. E. Not Located. i8o' 24 15 45 45 I2 <5 00 3,100 1,000 3,000 2,000 54" 45 45 43 Not Located. 15 o' 46 Mukalla area. 13 15' 45 14 50' 49 Near Mukalla. 15 30' 48 13 o' 44 15 35' 48 26 9' 44 Not Located. 30' 33' 20' 4' 15' 50' 6,500 5,000 1,000 500 7.300 7,100 7,100 13' 13' 23' 26' 50' 45' 58' 17' 20' 20' 44' 44' 55' 50' 44' 44' See San'a. <5oo <50o 1,500 12' 26' 5' 35' 35' 20' 30' 45' 49< 39< 48' 54' 50' 10' 35' 13' 10' 50' 40' 59' 36' 20' 10' o' 20' 12' 50' 10' 5' THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 123 Approximate Approximate latitude and longitude. Locality. Dar al-A'mir, W. Aden Prot. Darsait, Oman 4 Devil's Creek, Socotra Dhahran, W. Saudi Arabia Dhamar, Yemen Diraz, Bahrein Dis Town, E. Aden Prot. Dmeith, Trucial Oman D'thala, W. Aden Prot. Dubai, Trucial Oman El-Ajam, E. Saudi Arabia El-Amra, Yemen El-Hauban, Yemen El-Kelba, Trucial Oman El-Kharj, E. Saudi Arabia El-Khobar, E. Saudi Arabia El-Want, W. Aden Prot. Fewa, E. Aden Prot. Gaixan, Oman Galali, Bahrein Geidun, E. Aden Prot. Geregeri, E. Aden Prot. Gheil Bawazir, E. Aden Prot. Goor, Socotra Hada, Yemen Hadibo, Socotra Hajrein, E. Aden Prot. Kami, E. Aden Prot. Hami al-Sharq, E. Aden Prot. Hamman 'AH, Yemen Hardeba, W. Aden Prot. Harshiyat, E. Aden Prot. . Haski, W. Aden Prot. Hauta (Hajr), E. Aden Prot. Hayoo, Socotra Hima, W. Saudi Arabia Hiswa, W. Aden Prot. Hodeida, Yemen Hoffuf, E. Saudi Arabia Huweimi, W. Aden Prot. Jadaliya, W. Saudi Arabia Jebel el-Scharr, W. Saudi Arabia Jebel Jehaf, W. Aden Prot. Jedda, W. Saudi Arabia Jizwal, E. Aden Prot. Jol Bahawa, E. Aden Prot. Jurbaib, Oman Kallansiya, Socotra Kameran I., Yemen Kathub, Socotra ENTOM. iv. 3. (ft.). <500 N. E. 12 55' 45 o' 23 38' 58 32' Not Located. a . . . . . 6,000 17 30' 44 o' . ' . . . . 7.40 14 32' 44 27' ...... <5 26 13' 50 28' <5QO 14 50' 49 50' Not Located. 4.800 13 4 1 ' 44 45' 24 52' 55 15' fc ...... <5oo 26 33' 49 57' 3,500 13 40' 44 o' 3.700 13 34' 44 6' <5oo 25 i' 56 20' a ..... 1,000 23 51' 47 28' aia ..... <5OO 26 6' 50 9' ...... <5OO 13 o' 45 o' ...... <5oo 14 30' 49 o' ? . Near Muscat. <5QO 26 18' 50 4' 900 15 30' 48 25' <5QO 14 50' 49 50' 'rot. .... <50o 14 48' 49 20' ? 12 30' 54 15' 8,000 15 20' 44 10' 12 37' 54 5' 3,000 15 30' 48 25' <5QO 14 45' 48 45' Prot. .... <500 14 40' 49 4' 5,000 14 40' 44 IO' 4.000 ~ T 13 30' ~ T 44 47' 14 35' Ti ~ / 49 10' <500 13 5' 44 50' rot. . . . . . <500 14 25' 48 to' <500 12 38' 53 37' 4.000 18 o' 44 2O' 2,000 15 40' i ~ 47 50' ..... <500 14 48' 42 55' <5QO 25 23' 49 30' 3,000 13 23' 44 29' ia r 6,200 17 25' 43 4' i Arabia .... 9,000 27 30' 35 45' Dt. . 7,500 13 45' 44 4' <500 21 32' 39 10' <50o I 4 4 0' 48 45' Jt <500 I 4 28' 48 24' ... . <500 17 o' 54 o' . . ... <500 12 39' 53 38' ...... ^500 15 25' 42 35' ...... t <5oo 14 50' 49 50' General considerations. The Arabian peninsula, together with North Africa, forms the meeting place of the Palaearctic and Ethiopian zoogeographical regions. Early zoogeographers such as Wallace and Sclater owned to an almost total ignorance of the Arabian fauna and 126 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I compromised by drawing the boundary between the two regions as a line running due east and west half way down the peninsula (Wallace) or treating the whole peninsula as Ethiopian (Sclater). Chapin (1923 : 121) substituted a line approximately defining the high ground in the south-west of the peninsula and running south-east from the neighbourhood of Jedda to reach the coast, opposite the Kuria Muria Islands, in Oman. This line was slightly modified at its eastern end by Chapin (1932 : 90). It was based on the distribution of the Arabian birds but was accepted by Edwards (1941 1452) for the mosquitoes. It is shown in Text-fig. 4 (p. 115). It will be seen that most of western Saudi Arabia lies north and east of the boundary in the Palaearctic Region. Conversely a part of Oman, including Dhufar, lies to the west of the boundary in the Ethiopian Region. One of the most unfortunate gaps in our knowledge is the complete absence of any mosquito records from the Qara Mountains in Dhufar. As it is, our only records from this territory are from coastal localities (Culex pipiens fatigans, C. sitiens and C. tritaeniorhynchus from Salalah and Anopheles coustani var. tenebrosus from Jurbaib). All four forms are widely distributed in both major regions, but the last is known only from eastern and not from western Arabia, and this inclines us to question the propriety of extending the boundary so far east. Aside from this it is in good accordance with the distribution of the mosquitoes in so far as it is known to us.* Since almost all our records from western Saudi Arabia come from within or very near to the Ethiopian portion of that territory and only the Dhufar records come from outside the Palaearctic portion of Oman, it is convenient for the purpose of the present paper to treat western Saudi Arabia, the Yemen and the eastern and western Aden Protectorates as Ethiopian and the remaining political divisions of the peninsula as Palaearctic (Table I, p. 127). The island of Socotra has one endemic species, a number of species common to both major regions and one subspecies (An. culicifacies adenensis) which is wholly, or almost wholly, Ethiopian. It was included by Edwards (1941) in the Ethiopian Region but we have preferred to treat it as Palaearctic since several of its species (Anopheles dthali, A edes caspius, Culex laticinctus and sinaiticus], although admittedly having a restricted distribution in the Ethiopian Region, are mainly Palaearctic, while none (other than An. adenensis} can be said to be predominantly Ethiopian. The affinities of the endemic species, A edes granti are somewhat obscure (Mattingly, I 953 : *7) but they are certainly not Ethiopian. The Ethiopian element in the fauna Table I shows the Arabian mosquitoes grouped according to the main political divisions in which they occur and gives a rough picture of the composition of the Palaearctic and Ethiopian elements in the fauna and the extent to which they intermingle. The picture thus diagrammatically presented is, however, misleading in certain respects. This is so mainly because it fails to take sufficient account of the occurrence in the Ethiopian fauna itself of numerous Palaearctic intrusions. Thus Anopheles multicolor and turkhudi and Culex molestus are known only from a restricted area in the extreme north-eastern corner of the Ethiopian Region and are widely * Meinertzhagen (1954 ' 33) prefers to treat the whole peninsular as Palaearctic, but with this we cannot agree. TABLE I. Distribution of the Arabian mosquitoes. I2 7 Ethiopian. Palaearctic. 1 Species. W $ W H Aedes natronius . . . . X Culex arbieeni . . . .X Culex salisburiensis x Culex sp. indet. . . . .X Culex nebulosus . . . .X Culex mattinglyi x Culex simpsoni . . . x Anophles demeilloni . . . x A nopheles pretoriensis ...X Aedes hirsutiis var. adencnsis . . Culex decens . . . . . x Culex duttoni ..... Culex ethiopicus . . . .x Culex theileri .... x Anopheles coustani t.f. . . . Anopheles cinereus , . .X A nopheles pharoensis . . x Anopheles turkhudi x Aedes arabiensis .... Culex tigripes x Culex pipiens var. molestus Anopheles gambiae . . x X X X A nopheles rhodesiensis rupicolus x x x . Aedes caballus .... x A edes vittatus . . . . x x . x Anopheles sergenti . . . .x XX. xx Anopheles culicifacies adenensis .XX . x Anopheles multicolor ... . Culiseta longiareolata . . x x x Culex pipiens t.f. . . . x X X X . Aedes aegypti ..... x x x x . x Anopheles dthali . . ; .xxxx.x x Culex laticinctus . . . .XXXX.X X Culex pipiens fatigans . ..-. X X X X . X Culex sinaiticus . . . .xx x.xx X Culex sitiens ..... X x x x . x Culex tritaeniorhynchus . ..x X . x X X A edes granti . .'. . . . x Culex pusillus ."'. . . . x A nopheles pulcherrimus . . . . xx A edes caspius .-. .. . x x X Anopheles coustani tenebrosus . . . x x Anopheles culicifacies t.f. "."-.' . X x X A nopheles fluviatilis . . . . x X X Anopheles stephensi .- . . . XX XX Culex univittatus* . . .x . X * It is probable that C. univittatus is represented by the type form in the Yemen and by va.T.pcrexiguus Theobald in Oman. If this should prove to be the 'case then the type form would be listed after C. simpsoni, the variety remaining at the foot of the table. 128 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I distributed outside it. These cannot be regarded as Ethiopian species in any sense of the term. Nor in our view can Culex arbieeni with its remarkable discontinuous distribution in both regions and its predominantly Palaearctic affinities (infra, p. 135, and see Mattingly, 19556). Borderline cases include Culex theileri, Anopheles rhodesiensis rupicolus and Aedes vittatus. C. theileri is very widely distri- buted in the Mediterranean Sub-region of the Palaearctic. In the Ethiopian Region it is confined to the eastern highlands and to South Africa and it might be regarded either as a Palaearctic intruder which has spread southwards or as a south African species which has spread northwards along the East African Highlands. Anopheles rupicolus has only a restricted distribution in the north-eastern corner of the Ethiopian Region, but its distribution in the Palaearctic is also very restricted and it is, in fact, known there only as isolated relict populations from the Sinai Peninsula and the Kuweira Upland in Trans] ordan (Lumsden in Leeson et al., 1950 : 83). Aedes vittatus is very widely distributed in the Ethiopian Region and has only a very limited distribution in the Palaearctic (Tel of Algeria, Spain, Balearic Is., Corsica and the eastern end of the French Pyrenees). It is, however, widely distributed in the Oriental Region (for details see Mattingly, 1952 : 292). Aedes caballus is a predomi- nantly Ethiopian species widely distributed in East and South Africa. It is, however, largely coastal over much of its range and is known also from the eastern shore of the Gulf of Oman (Djask). Anopheles pharoensis is also widely distributed in the Ethiopian Region. It occurs outside it only in Egypt and Palestine. Endemic Arabian species include A edes arabiensis, Culex mattinglyi and Culex sp. indet. The affinities of the two latter are doubtful, but they are perhaps Ethiopian. Ae. arabiensis undoubtedly has Palaearctic affinities. It is a close relative of the Holarctic, Oriental and Australasian Aedes vexans Meigen which occurs nowhere in the Ethi- opian Region. It may be compared to Culex salisburiensis which is widely distributed in East and South Africa and is purely Ethiopian in its range although it is closely related to the Palaearctic Culex deserticola Kirkpatrick. Summarizing this section of the fauna it may be said that the only purely Ethiopian species (other than Arabian endemics) which are found in Arabia are Anopheles cinereus, demeilloni, gambiae and pretoriensis , A edes hirsutus and natronius and Culex tigripes, salisburiensis, nebulosus, decens, duttoni and ethiopicus. We thus arrive at a minimum figure of twelve Ethiopian species out of a known total for the whole of Arabia of forty-two. Adding to these Anopheles coustani, pharoensis and rhodesiensis, Aedes arabiensis, caballus and vittatus and Culex mattinglyi and sp. indet. we obtain an upper figure of twenty. Thus it may be said that the Ethiopian element makes up from about 30-45% of the Arabian mosquito fauna. When it is observed that all except one of these species (Anopheles coustani} are found exclusively to the south-west of Chapin's line it will be seen that there is ample justification for treating the area so defined as part of the Ethiopian Region. The Oriental element in the fauna. The Ethiopian element in the Arabian mosquito fauna, as here defined, is a large one. Nevertheless its size is, as we have indicated, liable to exaggeration by the inclusion of species which are mainly Palaearctic and have only a very limited THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 129 distribution in the Ethiopian Region. The same applies with even greater force to the Oriental element. Seventeen of the Arabian species penetrate to a greater or less extent into the Oriental Region and a number of these are often described as Oriental species. As Table II shows, however, this is, in many cases, grossly misleading and only Anopheles culicifacies and. fluviatilis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus can be accepted unequivocally as Oriental in the sense that the major part of their range lies within that region. To them may perhaps be added Anopheles stephensi, but its wide distribution in India appears to be very nearly balanced by its equal abundance in Irak and southern Iran. Anopheles turkhudi is a borderline case, but it is restricted to western India and in terms of area the bulk of its range undoubtedly lies in the Palaearctic. A edes aegypti and Culex pipiens fatigans are cosmotropical forms which have been widely distributed by Man so that they cannot be considered in the present TABLE II. Distribution of Arabian Mosquitoes Found alsi in the Oriental Region. Mediter- Species ranean N. Central & Far Subregion. India. S. India. East. Anopheles dthali ...... X X Anopheles multicolor ..... X X A nopheles pulcherrimus ..... x Anopheles sergenti ...... X X Culiseta longiareolata ..... x A edes caspius ...... X X Culex theileri ....... Culex univittatus ...... x X Anopheles stephensi ...... x x Anopheles turkhudi ...... X Anopheles culicifacies ..... x X Anopheles fluviatilis ..... X A edes aegypti X X A edes vittatus ....... x X X Culex pipiens fatigans ..... x X Culex sitiens ....... x x X Culex tritaeniorhynchus ..... x X context without certain reservations. The natural range of A edes aegypti would appear to be in the Ethiopian and Palaearctic Regions and that of C. fatigans possibly in the Oriental. Culex sitiens has also undoubtedly had its range extended by Man. Reasons are given below (p. 129) for supposing that its original area of distribution may have been in the south-eastern corner of the Palaearctic Regions. A edes vittatus, having separate Oriental, Ethiopian and Palaearctic populations, cuts across any arbitrary scheme of classification. Of the remaining species shown in Table II all are widely distributed outside the Oriental Region and have only a very limited distribution within it. They are either restricted to the extreme North-west of India (Anopheles dthali, multicolor, sergenti, A edes caspius) or spread eastwards from there along the Himalayan foothills (Culiseta longiareolata, Culex theileri) or have a limited southward extension into the United Provinces (Anopheles pulcher- rimus, Culex univittatus). The Oriental element may thus be said to be represented I 3 o THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I at the lower limit by three species (Anopheles culicifacies , fluviatilis, Culex tritaenio- rhynchus) and to these Anopheles stephensi, Culex sitiens and Culex fatigans may be added giving an upper limit of six species or roughly 7^%-i5% of the whole. Apart from Culex fatigans these species are mainly coastal with limited penetrations of the hinterland by An. stephensi in the Hoffuf area, An. culicifacies adenensis behind Aden and Cu. tritaeniorhynchus in the Yemen. To them may be added a rather dubious element in Socotra, represented by A edes granti, and another in the western highlands represented by Anopheles turkhudi and A edes vittatus. The latter may, however, well represent a simultaneous invasion of India and Arabia from the Palaearctic. With it may be associated Culex tigripes which, though now purely Ethiopian, has its only close relatives in the Oriental Region. The most strongly Oriental part of our area is the Bahrein Islands with three Oriental, three Palaearctic and two cosmotropical species. We have no reason to regard any part of the area as predominantly Oriental and are in agreement with the majority of zoogeographers who would choose as the boundary of the Oriental Region either the eastern frontiers of Afghanistan and Baluchistan (following Wallace) or the eastern frontier of Southern Irak and the mid-line of the Persian Gulf (following Sclater). Unrecorded species from neighbouring territories On the basis of the foregoing remarks and having regard to our knowledge of their bionomics a few suggestions may perhaps be hazarded as to those species not so far recorded from the Arabian area but which may possibly be found there. Among species known to occur both in India and in Africa south of the Sahara the majority are probably excluded by their rainfall and vegetational requirements (although some surprises may yet await us in the high Yemen). These include A edes (Mucidus) scatophagoides Theobald, A edes (Stegomyia) unilineatus Theobald and albopictus Skuse, the latter in the islands of the Malagasy subregion only, A edes (Banksinella) lineatopennis Ludlow and Culex (Culex) bitaeniorhynchus Giles. Of these the most likely to be found is, perhaps, A edes unilineatus, which is capable of a high degree of drought resistance (Mattingly, 1952 : 288, 19530 : 54). Most of the Eritrean Culicini listed by Lewis (1943) have been found in S.W. Arabia. Among those which have not, attention should perhaps be drawn to A edes (A edimorphus) eritreae Lewis which has an unknown larva. Ethiopian species extending into Egypt include Culex (Culex) antennatus Becker (which also occurs in Palestine) and (Culex (Culex) poicilipes Theobald, both of which might be found at least in the north. Of Palaearctic species. Anopheles hyrcanus and superpictus have already been mentioned (p. 92). Lumsden (in Leeson et al., 1950 : 83) considers that there is a strong possibility that Anopheles hispaniola Theobald will be found in Saudi Arabia. This possibility is certainly worth bearing in mind, especially in view of the fact that the adults are probably indistinguishable on external characters from those of Anopheles cinereus. The larva would run down on our key with An. cinereus and An. turkhudi. It differs from both in having normal mouth brushes and in other respects (notably in the shape of the palmate hair leaflets) resembles An. cinereus. Although it has frequently been compared to and even synonymized with Anopheles turkhudi there can be almost no doubt that it is the Mediterranean analogue of Anopheles cinereus THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 131 which it closely resembles in all stages.* Failure to recognize this seems to have been due mainly to the omission by Puri (1931 : 62) of An. cinereus from his Subdivision IV, Group 6, to which it undoubtedly belongs. Further confusion was added by an unfortunate footnote by Edwards (in Evans, 1938 : 336) in which he synonymized An. hispaniola with An. turkhudi.This led to the omission of the former from several widely used keys. Finally Smart (1948 : 159) makes confusion worse confounded by keying An. hispaniola as though it has only one (instead of both) of the long meso- pleural bristles feathered. Other Palaearctic species which may possibly be encountered in northern Arabia are Culex (Neoculex) deserticola Kirkpatrick and Culex (Lasiosiphon) adairi Kirkpatrick. The former is liable to confusion with Culex salisburiensis to which it is closely related. Both have been found in the North Galala Mountains in the eastern desert of Egypt. Species recorded from southern Irak, but not so far from Arabia, include Culiseta (Culiseta) subochrea Edwards and Culex (Culex) vishnui Theobald. Culex (Neoculex) quettensis Mattingly (J-955&) from Baluchistan is perhaps also worth mentioning. Among Oriental species Anopheles subpictus has already been mentioned (p. 92). In view of the smallness of the Oriental element in the Arabian fauna it does not seem likely that many other true Oriental species will be encountered. Distribution within the Arabia area. Owing to the absence or extreme paucity of records from many parts of our area little can usefully be said on this subject. An interesting example of a restricted north-south distribution is afforded by Anopheles multicolor which has not been found further south than Jedda in the West and Trucial Oman in the East. This is a mainly desert species which is apparently excluded from the Yemen, on the one hand, and the Muscat hinterland, on the other, by their relatively heavy rainfall. Anopheles sergenti has a somewhat similar distribution ; and another comparable case is perhaps that of Aedes arabiensis, which is known from the Aden hinterland and the Jedda area but not from the wetter area which lies in between. In contrast to this a number of Ethiopian species are known only from the Yemen and may well be confined to that area by their need for a relatively heavy rainfall. The problem of how these species reached the Yemen is an interesting one and it seems that some light might be thrown on it by a detailed study of Anopheles pharoensis. The Mediterranean and Ethiopian forms of this species appear to be geographically isolated at the present time and it may be that small differences could be detected and could be used in comparing the two forms with that occurring in the Yemen. Concerning east-west distributions there is even less to be said. Most species common to both sides of the peninsula give the impression of having spread down from the north. Anopheles culicifacies and Culex tritaeniorhynchus may be thought to have spread westwards along the southern coast, possibly with the assistance of Man and the occurrence of Aedes caballus at Djask (p. 128) might be thought to indicate an extension of range in the opposite direction. It could, however, well be a * Raffaele (1954) arrives independently at a similar conclusion. He considers that two species are probably confused under the name An. hispaniola. It is hoped to discuss this matter in more detail in the second part of this paper. 132 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA, i human introduction. Light on this and other problems might well be shed by explora- tion of the Qara Mountains in Dhufar and the mountains behind Muscat. The mosquito fauna of both is entirely unknown. The altitudinal distribution of certain species has points of interest, but again our knowledge is limited and we have no knowledge of altitudes above a thousand feet in Oman and Trucial Oman. On the western face of the central highlands of the Yemen, the southern face of the highlands of the Aden Protectorates and the Qara Mountains and the eastern face of the mountains of Oman rainfall may be expected to increase steadily with altitude and may be even more important than the temperature gradient in controlling the distribution of mosquitoes. It is not, therefore, surprising to find a number of Ethiopian species apparently restricted to high altitudes in Arabia although they occur down to sea level elsewhere. Knight (19536 : 214), following Petrie, gives an average rainfall of about 2| in. for the coastal plain and 14-15 in. for the central highlands of the Yemen. The Rainfall Map of Eastern Africa (East African Forces No. 1518) shows over 30 in. for the central highlands eastwards from San'a to the neighbourhood of Tarim. This figure seems high, but in any event there do not appear to exist any continuous observations over a sufficient period of years to provide reliable normals. Drainage from the uplands may be expected to provide high subsoil and surface water levels at inter- mediate altitudes and thus to create vegetational and other conditions more suitable for mosquitoes than might be expected solely from a consideration of local rainfall. Species found at altitudes of 7,000 ft. or more include Anopheles cinereus, demeilloni and sergenti, Culiseta longiareolata, Aedes vittatus and hirsutus, Culex tigripes, salis- buriensis, mattinglyi, pipiens and theileri. Most of these species have not been found below 3,500 ft. or more but An. cinereus has been found down to 1,500 ft. and An. sergenti, Culiseta longiareolata and Ae. vittatus down to sea-level. This extensive altitudinal range can be parallelled in the case of the two last species in the Ethiopian part of their range. Species occurring at intermediate altitudes (from 1,000 ft. to 6,500 ft.) include An. coustani t.f., dthali, gambiae, pharoensis pretoriensis, and rupicolus, Ae. caballus and natronius and Culex arbieeni, sp. indet. nebulosus, decens, duttoni, ethiopicus, laticinctus, simpsoni, sinaiticus and univittatus. Most of these species appear to be unable to exist in the very arid coastal plain, but An. dthali and gambiae and Culex laticinctus, sinaiticus and univittatus (Oman form) have been found down to sea-level. All these five species have been recorded as utilizing artificial collections of water (wells, cisterns, tanks, basins, temporary pools) in other parts of their range. It is remarkable that C. duttoni and C. nebulosus are not among their number, since elsewhere these species are markedly peridomestic. The remaining species are mostly confined to the coastal plain, but An. multicolor and stephensi, Ae. caspius and Culex pusillus are recorded from up to about 1,000 ft. and may go higher since we have no records from altitudes above this in the part of Arabia where they occur. Culex tritaeniorhynchus appears to go up to about 1,000 ft. in the Yemen (the only inland record from the Ethiopian part of its range) and An. adenensis penetrates up to about 500 ft. behind Aden. Aedes arabiensis has not been clearly recorded from much above sea-level behind Aden, but it apparently goes up to 2,000 ft. further north. Aedes granti was originally found in the " Dahamis Glen " THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 133 on Socotra and this appears to be at about 1,500 ft. It is possible that it is more abundant away from the coast, but our knowledge of the hill fauna of this island is extermely meagre. Aedes aegypti is mainly coastal, as would be expected for the pale form, but it would seem that here, as elsewhere, there are exceptions (see Mattingly, 19530 : 46). The recorded altitudinal distribution of C. pipiens pipiens and C. p. fatigans behind Aden is anomalous, and one is led to suspect Patton of occasional misidentifications. If his records are accepted C. p. fatigans extends up to nearly 5,000 ft. (Dthala) and C. pipiens down to 1,100 ft. (Nobat). From a knowledge of their distribution elsewhere this seems somewhat unlikely (although not entirely out of court.) If the records are correct considerable overlapping occurs and this would be a good area in which to look for hybridization, but if the records from Dthala and Nobat are discounted then it is possible that they have a discontinuous distribution (fatigans up to 3,000 ft., pipiens down to 4,000 ft.). The geological factor has been relatively little studied, but it is clearly very impor- tant in relation to mosquito distribution. In the Belgian Congo Aedes vittatus is entirely confined to areas of ancient rocks and is absent from the sedimentary rocks of the Congo basin (Mattingly, 1954 : 51). This factor has not hitherto been studied in other parts of its range and it is interesting to find that in Arabia it is known only from the main area of igneous rocks in the west, the rocks of eastern Arabia being for the most part sedimentary. Unfortunately it is impossible to tell from the small-scale geological map available to us whether the same precise correlation holds good as in the Belgian Congo. The absence of A e. vittatus from the Yemen is remark- able and it is perhaps worth noting that in similar country in central Spain it breeds in residual rock pools in the beds of torrential streams and has only a relatively short seasonal occurrence at the time when these are exposed but still water-filled. The Yemen has been the site of very intense volcanic activity, some of it continuing almost if not quite into recent times. It is not therefore surprising to find in that territory two species which appear to be particularly associated with volcanic conditions. A edes natronius is known with certainty from outside Arabia only from the highly volcanic area between Lake George and Lake Edward and from the neigh- bourhood of volcanic springs in Bwamba county, Uganda. Female adults of this species are not distinguishable with certainty from those of Aedes durbanensis Theobald and it seems probable that the record of the latter species from Mt. Fantali in Abyssinia (Edwards, 1941 : 199) really refers to Ae. natronius. Conversely the record of Ae. natronius from Taveta in Kenya by Mrs. E. C. C. Van Someren (in Lumsden, 1955 : 161) probably refers to Ae. durbanensis which, although mainly a coastal species, has been recorded from inland localities in Tanganyika (Harris, 1942 : 183 ; Mattingly, 1954 : 59). The respective distributions of the two species require further investigation however. The point is an interesting one since it con- cerns the complex interrelationships between coastal, desert and plutonic mosquitoes, all of which are adapted to high concentrations of mineral salts in their breeding places. In this connection the close resemblance in certain features between the larvae of Aedes durbanensis, natronius, caballus, caspius, arabiensis, hirstttus and vittatus (see above, p. 100) are worth noting, especially in view of the fact that these species are distributed, on adult characters, between three different subgenera. 134 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I The second Arabian species which may be tentatively associated with plutonic conditions is Culex mattinglyi (see Mattingly, 1954 : 58). Here, however, the associ- ation cannot be directly proved since this species has so far only been found in artificial breeding-places (details in Knight, 19536 : 216-217). This fact does not rule out the possibility of its occurrence in volcanic springs or pools, as is shown by the example of A edes natronius. The latter was originally found breeding in pools of extreme alkalinity and high temperature (Mattingly, 1954 : 59). Nevertheless larvae of the same species were found at the same time in fresh water nearby (Hopkins, 1952 : 207). Other instances could also be adduced to show that mosquitoes adapted to breeding in a specialized habitat and (as in the case of Ae. natronius) occurring in that habitat in very large numbers may " overflow " into more generalized habitats, even to the extent of supplanting the usual inhabitants over a limited area. This does not mean that such species are sufficiently plastic to become generally distributed, but it does argue a degree of plasticity which is not altogether negligible. In this connection, however, a word of warning is perhaps needed regarding the use of the term " fresh water ". In England A edes caspius is largely coastal in its distribu- tion and it is undoubtedly capable of breeding in brackish water with a high degree of salinity. Nevertheless it occasionally appears in inland localities and there consti- tutes a serious nuisance. Only two such outbreaks have been thoroughly investigated (a third is being investigated at the present time) and in both these cases breeding has been found to be taking place in the purified effluents from sewage farms. Such effluents, although fresh in the sense of being free from organic contamination, frequently have a high chloride content. Callot and Dao-Van-Ty (1942) have a record from near Paris. In this case the breeding water was observed to have a high organic nitrogen content. The chloride content is not mentioned.* The wide distribution of this species in Central Europe (Edwards, 1921 : 300) suggests that this species is relatively plastic. Nevertheless over most of its range its presence appears to be associated with that of breeding waters having a high mineral salt content, whether as a result of proximity to the sea or of concentration by evaporation under desert conditions or of volcanic activity or from other causes. In contrast to this A edes durbanensis, while possessing larval characters typical of brackish water species and a largely coastal distribution, has never been found breeding in anything but "fresh" water (Mattingly, 1954:59). Intermediate between these extremes (if such they are) is A edes caballus which, in the northern part of its range (Eritrea) is found breeding mainly near the coast and in waters containing up to 4% chloride while in the Transvaal it occurs in depressions in the veldt temporarily filled with rain or irrigation water. In the latter case, particularly where rain water is concerned, it must be presumed that the breeding waters are genuinely fresh. To complete the picture it may be said that the type form of Ae. hirsutus has been found breeding mainly in temporary ground pools, after heavy rain, while the same is true of Ae. arabiensis in the Sudan although in Arabia it has been specifically recorded only from one of the tanks near Aden in company with A e. vittatus (Patton, 1905 : 634 ; Hop- * Professor Callot has informed us (in lift.) that Ae. caspius is quite often found in flooded meadows in Alsace in association with Ae. vexans. This is interesting because the same two species were found associated in a recent inland outbreak at Morden near London. Ae. vexans is a rare and very local mosquito in Britain, but this is one area in which it has been known for some time to be established. THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 135 kins, 1952 : 198). It is possible that it may share the preferred breeding-places of the latter species (rock holes) or it may resemble Ae. hirsutus in preferring pools in softer ground. The remarkable adaptation of Ae. vittatus to torrential conditions in central Spain had been noted above (p. 133) and it is possible that similar, at first sight surprising, adaptations may be found in other ground pool breeding Arabian A edes. Summarizing this group it may be said that several of the species are linked by their tolerance for high mineral salt contents in their breeding waters while most, if not all, possess in a marked degree the capacity for utilizing temporary breeding-places. The latter capacity argues, on the one hand, a tolerance of high temperatures in the breed- ing water and, on the other, a rapid larval development keeping pace with the equally rapid drying-up of the breeding places. This last has been specifically noted only for A edes ardbiensis and hirsutus (Hopkins, 1952 : 198, 252), but it probably applies also in varying degrees to the other Arabian species. Finally, as an example of one further aspect of the distribution of desert mosquitoes, reference must be made to the remarkable case of Culex arbieeni. This species is known only from four localities which are very widely separated indeed and which lie at the four corners of a quadri- lateral roughly embracing the Sahara desert. These localities are the island of Teneriffe (Canary Islands), the southern part of the Sinai Peninsula (Wadi Arbieen and Wadi Feiran, near Mt. St. Catherine), the Yemen and the Jebel Marra in the south-western Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. One point of interest about these records is that all are from areas of intense and relatively recent volcanic activity. No measure- ments of the mineral content of the breeding waters have been published and there is no reason to doubt that this species possesses the capacity to breed in fresh water. Nevertheless it is difficult to believe that it did not originally evolve as a plutonic species. The second point of interest concerns the extreme geographical discontinuity of the records coupled with the fact that, apart from certain differences in the meso- notal scaling, a very variable feature in Culex, there is little in the available material to indicate subspeciation. This suggests that the four populations may not have been very long isolated from one another, which would imply that the present rigorous desert conditions pertaining over much of the Sahara may be of relatively recent origin. For this there is much other evidence (see numerous papers by Joleaud, e.g. Joleaud, 1938). A comparable case is perhaps that of C. univittatus of which the Mediterranean form (var. perexiguus Theobald) occurs as far south as the Zaria area in Nigeria and may well be thought to have crossed the Sahara in comparatively recent times (Mattingly, 1954 : 56). The last group of species to which reference will be made comprises the domestic and peridomestic species which are particularly closely associated with Man. Culex nebulosus and Culex duttoni have already been noted as belonging to this category (pp. 101, 102). Since they are known only from a single locality little can be said about them except that if they occur in Arabia at all it is surprising that they do not occur more widely. It seems possible that they may represent recent human intro- ductions, perhaps by air, and it will be interesting to see whether they are recorded more frequently in future. Regarding A edes aegypti it has already been noted that this occurs in Arabia, as in many other parts of its range, as two distinct forms, the pale type form, originally described from Egypt, and a darker form, jet black over 136 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I most of Africa south of the Sahara, tending to be somewhat browner elsewhere, which is frequently, but erroneously, referred to as the type form. In Africa south of the Sahara the pale form is almost entirely coastal in its distribution with very limited penetrations inland along a few major lines of communication, and it is therefore considered to be an introduced form (Mattingly, 19530 : 46). It occurs to an unspecified extent in India (Barraud, 1934 : 222, 223) and Mr. Donald Colless has reported to us the occurrence of a very pale island population near Singapore. It is also known from northern Australia. Where the two forms come into contact, as in coastal regions in Africa, every degree of intergradation is encountered, strongly suggesting the occurrence of hybridization. Intermediates of this type, as well as fully pale forms, appear to occur in the West Indies and, very extensively, in the southern United States. The whole subject of the distribution of these forms is at present being studied and it is too soon to form a definite opinion, but the indications so far would not be inconsistent with a hypothesis that the natural range of the pale form is in Arabia, or perhaps the southern part of the Mediterranean Sub-region in general. It may or may not have had a natural extension into the Somalilands and it must certainly have been introduced by Arabs into coastal regions of East Africa at a comparatively early date. Extension of its range into West Africa may have come later. It may have been carried to the New World and to Australia and the Far East in the hybrid form. It is apparently more highly domestic than the dark form (Mattingly, 19550) and its marriage with the latter may have been a factor of some importance in the history of urban yellow fever. The comparative bionomics of the two forms is, however, a subject requiring much further study, as indeed do all questions involving the genetics of behaviour in mosquitoes. From a practical point of view the coexistence of pale and dark forms in a locality such as Mombasa (Teesdale, 1955) raises formidable problems of control, and it is plain that these can only be tackled on a rational basis in the light of studies on the genetics of the hybridizing populations. In recent genetical studies on A edes aegypti (Gillett, 19550, b) there is reason to suspect that one of the strains employed may have been a pale-dark hybrid and this is a possibility which needs to be taken into account in all genetical work on this species. Genetical diversity between the strains employed is also indicated by the failure of Indian Ae. aegypti to cross with Indo- chinese A e. albopictus with which Indochinese A e. aegypti were known to be compati- ble (Toumanoff 1939). It is evident that in the past our approach to this important species has been altogether too naive. The same is true of the other principle culicine disease vector of Arabia, Culex pipiens fatigans. The question of hybridization between this subspecies and C. p. pipiens has been discussed above (pp. 102, 133) but it should also be noted that even within ssp fatigans there exists considerable divergence in Africa. Thus the East African Lowland form of fatigans, which the Arabian form may be tentatively supposed to resemble, is extremely abundant and widespread and bites Man avidly. The form found in certain parts of West Africa, on the other hand, is a rare mosquito, largely confined to the immediate vicinity of the ports, and, in general, will not bite Man at all. It is clear that this is an introduced form, though its origins are unknown. It will be evident that facts such as this will need to be taken into account in plan- THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 137 ning the control of this important pest a difficult matter at the best of times, since it is, of all mosquitoes, perhaps the most resistant to D.D.T. In conclusion a word may be said with regard to Culex sitiens. This is not strictly a domestic mosquito but it is closely associated with man, particularly in his travels, by reason of its ability to breed in highly brackish water in such places as the bottoms of boats and canoes. Its range has undoubtedly been considerably extended by human intervention and, since it is almost entirely coastal in its distribution throughout the tropics, there is little indication as to what its original distribution may have been. The British Museum has, however, some specimens of a very interesting inland population from Bandan in Seistan (eastern Iran) nearly 400 miles from the sea. The occurrence of C. sitiens so far inland suggests rather strongly that this may be its natural area of distribution and that it may have spread eastwards and westwa ds along the coasts from here. Similar arguments have been adduced by Mattingly (19530 : 46) with respect to the pale form of A edes aegypti in Africa, Reid (1954) with respect to the (mainly) dark form of this species in Malaya and Edwards (1941 : 299) with respect to Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Africa, each of these forms being postulated as a human introduction on the basis of its wholly or largely coastal distribution. SUMMARY A careful revision of existing material and records has led us to recognize 42 species of mosquitoes as occurring in the Arabian area. Three of these, Anopheles demeilloni, A edes caballus and Culex duttoni are here recorded for the first time from Arabia. Anopheles coustani is represented both by the type form and a variety. Culex univittatus is also probably represented by at least two forms although this cannot be definitely established on the basis of the available material. A edes aegypti is represented both by the pale type form and by the dark form although the latter appears to be comparatively rare. Two species of Anopheles (An. hyrcanus and An. subpictus) have been recorded from the area but are omitted from our list as their presence has not, in our opinion, been conclusively proved. Anopheles adenensis, macmahoni and rupicolus are reduced to the status of subspecies of Anopheles culicifacies, sergenti and rhodesiensis respectively and Anopheles arabicus is relegated to the synonymy of Anopheles fluviatilis. The type of Culex arabicus Becker has been found on examination to be a specimen of Aedes caspius. It is noted that the larva currently attributed to Aedes minutus is in fact Aedes vittatus and that records of Culex thalassius from Socotra are, in our view, erroneous. Keys for the identifica- tion of adults and fourth stage larvae are presented and in these we have included An. hyrcanus and An. subpictus as well as the important malaria vector Anopheles super- pictus, which we consider will almost certainly occur in northern Arabia although it has not so far been recorded from there. Anopheles hispaniola, although not as yet recorded, may well be found in north-western Saudi Arabia. We have not included it in our keys since it is very difficult to separate from Anopheles cinereus and, in our opinion, a detailed comparative study of these two species is required. An. hispaniola has been synonymized by some authors with An. turkhudi, but there can be no doubt 138 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I that it is more closely related to An. cinereus. A number of species occur both in India and in tropical Africa although they are apparently absent from Arabia. In our view most of these are probably excluded by unfavourable climatic conditions although one or two may still await discovery. We have listed a number of Palaearctic species which may yet be found. The bulk of the Arabian mosquito fauna is Palaearctic although there is a considerable Ethiopian element in the south-west which amply justifies the inclusion of this part of Arabia in the Ethiopian Region. The mosquito fauna of Socotra, on the other hand, is, in our opinion, predominantly Palaearctic. The Oriental element in the Arabian fauna is extremely small and appears to be almost entirely coastal, although our complete ignorance of the fauna of the moun- tains of Oman and the Qara Mountains in Dhufar does not permit us to say to what degree it may extend inland in those areas. Certain distributions are discussed in detail and an account is given of a remarkable instance of clinal variation in A edes caspius and of convergence in larval characters as between A edes vittatus and A edes arabiensis. The distribution of these and other ground-pool breeding A edes is discussed in relation to geological factors. The interrelationship between desert, brackish water and plutonic species appears to be subtle and suggests some interesting studies in desert biology. The widely discontinuous distribution of Culex arbieeni is cited as suggesting considerable amelioration in the recent past of the conditions at present prevailing in the Sahara desert. The distribution of various species is discussed in relation to altitude which, in Arabia, is so closely bound up with rainfall that variations in the latter may well override in importance the usual temperature gradients. Behaviour differences as between the pale and dark forms of A edes aegypti are cited as exemplifying the need for genetical studies on the common domestic mosquitoes. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to Professor P. A. Buxton and Mr. H. S. Leeson of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine for access to many valuable specimens, some of which have now been presented to the British Museum ; to Dr. N. L. Corkill, A.D.M.S., Mukalla, for many specimens and for topographical data mainly from the Eastern Aden Protectorate ; to Dr. L. Merucci, now at Shibam, for previously unpublished records from the Yemen ; and to the librarians of the Colonial Office and the London School of Hygiene for making available to us copies of reports by Petrie and Seal and by Phipson. Later Dr. Petrie very kindly lent us a copy of his report. REFERENCES AFRIDI, M. K. & MAJID, S. A. 1938. Malaria in Bahrein Islands (Persian Gulf). /. Malar. Inst. India, 1 : 427-472. BARRAUD, P. J. 1934. The Fauna of British India, Diptem. 5. Culicidae : Megarhinini and Culicini. London. BECKER, T. 1931. Dipteren aus Sudarabien und von der Insel Sokotra. Denkschr. A had.. Wiss. Wien, 71 (2) : 131-160. BHAMBILLA, A. 1941. L'Anofelismo nella zona di Dire Daua (Harar), Prima nota. Riv. Malarial. (Sez. I), 20 : 271-293. THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 139 BRUNELLI, P. 1936. Cenni nosografici sulla regione di Gedda. Arch. Ital. Sci. med. colon 17 : 34-48. BUXTON-, P. A. 1944. Rough notes : Anopheles mosquitoes and malaria in Arabia. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 38 : 205-214. CALLOT, J. & DAO-VAN-TY. 1942. L' Aedes caspius (Pallas) aux environs de Paris. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 35 : 326-327. CARPENTER, S. J., MIDDLEKAUFF, W. W. & CHAMBERLAIN, R. W. 1946. The mosquitoes of the southern United States east of Oklahoma and Texas. Amer. Midi. Nat. Monegr. 3. CHAPIN, J. P. 1923. Ecological aspects of bird distribution in tropical Africa. Amer. Nat. 57 : 106-125. 1932. The birds of the Belgian Congo, I. Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist. 65. CHRISTOPHERS, S. R. 1924. Some further varieties of Indian species of Anopheles with notes on the species A . pallidus Theobald and A . philippinensis Ludlow. Indian J . med. Res. 12 : 295-301. 1933. The Fauna of British India, Diptera, <\. Culicidae : Anophelini. London. & KHAZAN CHAND. 1915. Notes on some Anophelines from Arabia and Mesopotamia. Indian J. Med. Res. 3 : 180-200. & PURI, I. M. 1931^, Species and varieties of the funestus series of Anopheles. Rec. Malar. Surv. India, 2 : 481-493. 19316, Notes on some Anopheline mosquitoes collected in Sierra Leone, including differentiation of A nopheles dthali Patton (Mediterranean) as a distinct species from A nopheles rhodesiensis Theo. (Ethiopian). Indian J. med. Res. 18 : 1133-1166. DE MEILLON, B. 1935. Studies on insects of medical importance in South Africa II. Publ. S. Afr. Inst. med. Res. No. 35. 1947- The Anophelini of the Ethiopian geographical region. Ibid. No. 49. 1949. Anophelines of the Ethiopian Region, in Boyd, M. F., Malariology, I. Philadelphia. EDWARDS, F. W. 1912. A key for determining the African species of Anopheles (sensu lato). Bull. ent. Res. 3 : 241-250. 1921. A revision of the mosquitoes of the Palaearctic Region. Ibid. 12 : 263-351. 1932. Genera Insectorum. Fasc. 194 : Diptera, Culicidae. Brussels. 1941. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III. Culicine Adults and Pupae. London: Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). EVANS, A. M. 1936. Two new Anophelines from Kenya. A nn. trop. Med. Parasit. 30 : 533-540. 1938. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. II. Anophelini, Adults and Early Stages. London : Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). FORBES, H. O. (Eo.). 1903. The Natural History of Socotra and A bd-el- Kuri. Liverpool. GIAQUINTO-MIRA, M. 1950. Notes on the geographical distribution and biology of " Anophe- linae " and " Culicinae " in Etiopia. Riv. Malariol. 29 : 281-313. GILES, G. M. 1906. Mosquito Notes I : Note on a small collection of mosquitoes from Bahrein in northern Arabia (shores of Persian Gulf). /. trop. Med. 9 : 130-132. GILL, C. A. 1916. Malaria in Muscat. Indian J. med. Res. 4 : 190-235. GILLETT, J. D., I955. Behaviour differences in two strains of Aedes aegypti. Nature, Land. 176 : 124. - I 955&- The inherited basis of variation in the hatching response of Aedes eggs (Diptera, Culicidae). Bull. ent. Res., 46 : 255-265. HARRIS, W. V. 1942. Notes on Culicine mosquitoes in Tanganyika Territory. Bull. ent. Res 33 : 181-193. HOPKINS, G. H. E. 1952. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. I. Larval Bionomics of Mosquitoes and Taxonomay of Culicine Larvae. London : Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist). JOLEAUD, L. 1938. Histoire de la formation d'un desert : paleogeographie du Sahara. Mem. Soc. Biogeogr. 6 : 21-47. KNIGHT, K. L. i953. Two new species of mosquitoes from the Yemen (Diptera : Culicidae). /. Wash. Acad. Sci. 43 : 320-325. 140 THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I I953&- The mosquitoes of the Yemen (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 55 : 212-234. *953 C , Hybridization experiments with Culex pipiens and C. quinquefasciatus (Diptera, Culicidae). Mosquito News, 13 : 110-115. & ABDEL MALEK, A. A. 1951. A morphological and biological study of Culex pipiens in the Cairo area of Egypt. Bull. Soc. Fouad Ent. 35 : 175-185. LEESON, H. S. 1948. Anopheline larvae collected in Arabia. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 42 : 253-255. LUMSDEN, W. H. R., YOKE, J. & MACAN, T. T. 1950. Anopheles and malaria in the Near East. Mem. Lond. Sch. Hyg. trop. Med. 7. & THEODOR, O. 1948. Mosquitoes of Socotra. Bull. ent. Res. 29 : 221-229. LEWIS, D. J. 1943. The culicine mosquitoes of Eritrea. Bull. ent. Res. 34 : 279-285. 1945- Observations on the distribution and taxonomy of Culicidae (Diptera) in the Sudan. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 95 : 1-24. LUMSDEN, W. H. R. 1955. Entomological studies, relating to yellow fever epidemiology, at Cede and Taveta in Kenya. Bull. ent. Res. 46 : 149-183. MARKS, E. N. 1954. A review of the Aedes scutellaris subgroup with a study of variation in Aedes pseudoscutellaris Theobald. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 3 : 349-414. MARSHALL, J. F. 1938. The British Mosquitoes. London : Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). MARTINI, E. & HLISNIKOWSKI, J. 1942. Verbreitung der Fiebermucken im Nahen und Mittleren Osten, in H. Zeiss. Seuchen Atlas Karte II/2 Perthes, Gotha. MATTINGLY, P. F. 1952. The Subgenus Stegomyia in the Ethiopian Region. I. A preliminary study of the distribution of species occurring in the West African Sub-region with notes on taxonomy and bionomics. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 2 : 235-304. !953- The Subgenus Stegomyia in the Ethiopian Region. II. Distribution of species confined to the East and South African Sub-region. Ibid. 3 : 1-65. J953&- New records and a new species of Stegomyia (Diptera, Culicidae) from the Ethio- pian Region. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 47 : 294-298. 1954- The distribution of some African mosquitoes. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 165 : 49-61. *955 a - Species hybrids in mosquitoes. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (In Press). I 955- Le sous-genre Neoculex (Diptera, Culicidae) dans la Sous-region Me"diterraneenne. I. Espece, sous-espece et synonymic nouvelles. Ann. Parasit. hum. comp. 30 : 374388. I955C. Lectotypes of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in the British Museum. II. Genera Toxorhynchites, Aedes (Subgenera Aedimorphus, Banksinella), Culex (Subgenera Neociilex, Culiciomyia, Mochthogenes, Culex). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. B, (In Press). & BROWN, E. S. 1954. The mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of the Seychelles. Bull. ent. Res. 46 : 69-110. & BRUCE-CHWATT, L. J. 1954. Morphology and bionomics of Aedes (Stegomyia) pseudo- africanus Chwatt (Diptera, Culicidae) with some notes on the distribution of the subgenus Stegomyia in Africa. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 48 : 183-193. ROZEBOOM, L. E., KNIGHT, K. L., LAVEN, H., DruMMOND, F. H., CHRISTOPHERS, S. R. & SHUTE, P. G., 1951. The Culex pipiens complex. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 102 : 331-382. MEINERTZHAGEN, R. 1954. Birds of Arabia. London. MERUCCI, L. 1954. Alcune specie di anofeli trovate in varie localita dello Yemen (Arabia Sud Occidentale) . Boll. Soc. ital. Med. trop. (Sez. Eritrea), Special Number, pp. 206-211. PATTON, W. S. 1905. The culicid fauna of the Aden hinterland, their haunts and habits. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 16 : 623-637. PETRIE, P. W. R. & SEAL, K. S. 1943. A Medical Survey of the Western Aden Protectorate, 1939-40. London : Colonial Office. PHILBY, H. ST. J. B. 1952. Arabian Highlands. Ithaca, N.Y. PHIPSON, E. S. 1934. Medical Survey of Aden in 1933. Aden. PURI, I. M. 1931. Larvae of anopheline mosquitoes with full descriptions of those of the Indian species. Indian med. Res. Mem. 21 : 1-277. THE MOSQUITOES OF ARABIA. I 141 RAFFAELE, G. 1954. Su Anopheles hispaniola e specie afnne del gruppo Paramyzomyia. Riv. Parassit. 15 : 601-604. REID, J. A. 1954. A preliminary Aedes aegypti survey. Med. J. Malaya, 9 : 161-168. SALITERNIK, Z. 1955. The specific biological characteristics of Anopheles (Myzomyia) sergenti (Theo.) and their correlation with malaria control in Israel. Bull. ent. Res. 46 : 445-462. SMART, J. 1948. Insects of Medical Importance. 2nd Edn. London: Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). SMITH, L. F. & LOUGHNAN, W. F. M. 1914. Notes on fevers in Aden. /. R. Army med. Cps. 22 : 703-706. TEESDALE, C. 1955. Studies on the bionomics of Aedes aegypti (L.) in its natural habitats in a coastal region of Kenya. Bull. ent. Res. 46 : 711-742. THEOBALD, F. V. 1901. A monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitoes of the World, I. London : Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). 1905. A catalogue of the Culicidae in the Hungarian National Museum with descriptions of new genera and species. Ann. Mus. nat. Hungar. 3 : 61-119. 1910. A monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitoes of the World, V. THOMAS, B. 1931. A camel journey across the Rub 'al Khali. Geogr. J. 78 : 209-242. TOUMANOFF, C. 1939. Les races geographiques de St. fasciatus et St. albopictus et leur inter- croisement. Bull. Soc. Path, exot., 32 : 505-509. YAMAGUTI, S. & LA CASSE, W. J. 1951. Mosquito fauna of North America. IV : Genera Culex and Deinocerites. Kyoto, Japan : U.S. Army. ENTOM. IV. 3, \ PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED, BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE ISLAND AND NORFOLK ISLAND J. D. BRADLEY BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 4 No. 4 LONDON: 1956 RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF MICRO- LEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE ISLAND AND NORFOLK ISLAND COLLECTED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) RENNELL ISLAND EXPEDITION, 1953 BY J. D. BRADLEY Pp. 143-164 ; 26 Text-Figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 4 No. 4 LONDON: 1956 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 4, No. 4 of the Entomological series. \ PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued April, 1956 Price Six Shillings RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE ISLAND AND NORFOLK ISLAND COLLECTED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) RENNELL ISLAND EXPEDITION, 1953 By J. D. BRADLEY I. LORD HOWE ISLAND LORD HOWE Island lies approximately 400 miles off the east coast of Australia on a slightly more northern latitude than Sydney, and was the first South Pacific island at which we called on the voyage from Australia to the Solomons. The ship anchored off Ned's Beach, and while cargo was being unloaded we had an opportunity to get ashore for an afternoon and again for most of the following day. On the second day ashore we crossed to the S.W. side of the island, a distance of not more than a mile, and made our way along the shore of the lagoon to the foot of Mt. Lidgbird, which is over 2,500 ft. high. Beyond could be seen the more massive Mt. Gower, rising to about 2,800 ft. We climbed a few hundred feet up the lower slopes of Mt. Lidgbird, passing through a dense forest of curly palm, Howea belmoreana, mixed with other trees, including huge banyans covering hundreds of square yards. The larger Lepidoptera were extremely scarce, perhaps due to the strong winds of the past few days having driven them to seek sheltered places. Only one butterfly, a Euploea species, was observed during the whole time ashore. A small collection of twenty- two specimens of Microlepidoptera was secured. This has proved of con- siderable interest and is the subject of the present paper. The material now studied includes twelve species, of which eight are apparently new to science and are described below, and four are known Australian species. The latter constitute new additions to the faunal list of Lord Howe Island. The collection is in the British Museum (Natural History), including types and paratypes of species here described. Colour terms used in the descriptions below have in most instances been taken from Ridgway's Color Standards and Color Nomen- clature. TORTRICIDAE Tortrix aulacana Meyrick Tortrix aulacana Meyrick, 1881, Proc. Linnean Soc. N.S. Wales, 6 : 513. A male example captured among shrubs, " Lord Howe Island, Mt. Lidgbird, 19 . viii . 1953 ". Genitalia slide B.M. 3772. ENTOM. IV, 4 . I0 146 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS This species occurs in N.S. Wales and Victoria in Australia, and in Tasmania. It belongs with Tortrix postvittana Walker in a new genus, a description of which is now in press and will appear in Bull. ent. Res. 47, pt. i. OLETHREUTIDAE Lobesia eustales sp. n. c 5-6 mm. Labial palpus sordid white, second segment mixed with greyish fuscous. Head, thorax, antenna and scape sordid white mixed with greyish fuscous, tegula dark fuscous at base greyish fuscous at tip. Fore wing (rubbed) sordid white strongly and irregularly irrorated with greyish fuscous, markings poorly denned and diffuse, costa strigulated with dark fuscous, a dark fuscous marking at base, a dark fuscous patch on dorsum before middle, a small fuscous pretornal marking preceded by a weak circular patch of ochreous, an admixture of scattered ochreous-buff scales in discal area, termen outlined with small dark fuscous scales. Cilia greyish mixed with fuscous. Hind wing dark grey, cilia light grey. Male genitalia (Text-fig, i) : Valva narrow, cucullus densely clothed with long setae on inner side. Sacculus with a dense apical patch of setae. Aedoeagus curved, apex obliquely truncate, acute. Type ( : "Lord Howe Island, Mt. Lidgbird, I9.viii.i953 " Genitalia slide B.M.3786. Paratype : i <, same data as type. Both examples caught flying over shrubs on the lower slopes of Mt. Lidgbird. An apparently distinct species recognizable by the irrorate appearance of the fore wings. CARPOSINIDAE Carposina euphanes sp. n. $ 20 mm. Labial palpus about two and a half times length of head, white above, sprinkled with dark fuscous beneath. Head whitish, chaetosema pronounced and indicated by erect scales. Antenna greyish fuscous, scape whitish lightly suffused with fuscous. Thorax and tegula whitish suffused with greyish fuscous. Fore wing whitish lightly suffused with greyish fuscous, a broad fuscous mixed with pale ochreous-buff marking at base extended along costa to about 1/5, a prominent tuft of raised fuscous-black scales with an admixture of ochreous-buff in disc at 1/3 followed by two small whitish grey tufts in the lower margin of cell, one at about middle and the other at 3/5, a larger fuscous mixed with whitish tuft of raised scales at upper angle of cell. Cilia whitish irrorated with minute specks of greyish fuscous. Hind wing and cilia whitish. Female genitalia (Text-fig. 2) : Ovipositor long, lobes minute. Ostium very wide, well sclerotized, cup-shaped, a strongly sclerotized limen. Ductus bursae fairly short ; bursa copulatrix elongate bearing two signa, each with a pair of long prongs. Type $> : "Lord Howe Island, Mt. Lidgbird, I9.viii.i953 ". Genitalia slide B.M.3524. MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS 147 FIGS. 1-3. (i) Ventral views of male and female genitalia. Lobesia eustales sp. n., male. (2) Carposina euphanes sp. n., female. (3) Acrocercops tomia sp. n., male. ENTOM. IV, 4. I0 148 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS The fascies of the fore wing and the structure of the female genitalia indicate affinities with the two New Zealand species C . gonosemana (Meyrick) and C. epomiana (Meyrick) ; but euphanes is distinguished by the solid marking at the base of the fore wing, and by the absence of the lateral and medial processes which project posteriorly from the ostium in the female genitalia of those two species. OECOPHORIDAE Elaeonoma liquida (Meyrick) Eulechria liquida Meyrick, 1914, Exotic Microlepidoptera, 1 : 164. One female example caught on the lower levels, " Lord Howe Island, 18 . viii . 1953". The specimen is damaged due to having come unpinned while in transit, and the abdomen is missing. This species is known from Queensland. Elaeonoma aneusema sp. n. c? ii mm. Labial palpus fuscous-black sprinkled with whitish scales, second segment narrowly ringed with white. Head, thorax, tegula and antenna greyish fuscous-black. Fore wing whitish heavily overlaid with greyish dark fuscous or mummy brown, a heavy mummy brown or fuscous suffusion at base, two conspicuous mummy brown or fuscous spots in middle at 2/3, the lower obliquely distad of the upper, a similar slightly larger spot at end of cell, an inconspicuous mummy brown marking between this and the upper basal dot and a similar marking on dorsum a little before tornus and another on costa above and slightly beyond the outer discal spot, a rather diffuse mummy brown subterminal line from tornus to costal marking. Cilia cream-buff lightly irrorated basally with mummy brown. The coloration of the fore wing varies ; in one example it is lighter and has a distinctly honey yellow appearance. Hind wing and cilia greyish cream buff. Abdomen and legs cream buff. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 4) : Valva with apex curved ventrad and with tip sharply pointed and slightly more sclerotized. Uncus flattened, triangular in outline, gnathus arms broad laterally, fused medially and abruptly tapered with point downturned. Transtilla a narrow weakly sclerotized band. Vinculum evenly rounded, no saccus. Aedoeagus long and curved, rather stout at middle, attenuated at ends, a very long internal cornutus, base of aedoeagus weakly sclerotized on one side and coiled. Type J : "Lord Howe Island, Mt. Lidgbird, 19. viii. 1953 ". Genitalia slide B.M.3774. Paratypes : 2 <$, same data as type. All examples caught flying within the shelter of a cave-like overhang frequented by goats. This species is near to E. adocina Turner, which is a slightly larger species occurring in Queensland. COSMOPTERYGIDAE Pyroderces anoista sp. n. c ii mm. Labial palpus shining cream-buff, basal segment fuscous exteriorly, second segment narrowly ringed with fuscous apically and with a rather indistinct MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS 149 FIGS. 4-6. Male genitalia. (4) Elaeonoma aneusema sp. n., ventral view. (5) Pyroderces anoista sp. n., lateral view. (6) Opogona enchaetes sp. n., lateral view. 150 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS fuscous supramedial annulus, terminal segment broadly marked with dark fuscous on underside at middle and before apex. Head with frons shining cartridge-buff, vertex, thorax and tegula dark cream-buff, tegula flecked with brownish. Antenna whitish, annulate with dark fuscous, scape cream-buff overlaid with brownish. Fore wing cream-buff, a large pale reddish fawn marking at base edged outwardly with a thin black line, outwardly oblique from about i /6 of costa, straight to beyond middle then curving dorsad, followed by a slight sprinkling of black scales, a small reddish fawn patch on costa at about 1/3, a mixture of blackish and ochreous scales before apex, dorsum irregularly suffused with reddish fawn, a small wedge-shaped oblique reddish fawn marking from dorsum at 1/3 to about middle with a few black scales each side at the tip, an elongate longitudinal dash of reddish fawn in discal area confluent with a flattened ring of sparse black scales above, a heavy blackish streak at apex. Cilia greyish. Hind wing grey, cilia greyish. Legs cartridge-buff, heavily ringed with fuscous-black or dark mummy brown. Abdomen greyish fuscous above, shining cartridge-buff beneath, a small cartridge buff anal tuft. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 5) : Valva elongate, densely haired on inner side, apex evenly rounded. Gnathus with left half large, weakly sclerotized, tapered from middle to apex ; right half small. Aedoeagus semimembranous, curved, widening at apex. Type cJ : "Lord Howe Island, Mt. Lidgbird, I9.viii.i953 ". Genitalia slide B.M.37OO. Paratype : i $, same data as type. Both examples caught among palms. Allied to the Western Australian species P. terminella (Walker), but may be distinguished by the curved outer edge of the basal marking on the fore wing. Batrachedra eurema sp. n. 16 mm. Labial palpus cream-buff, second segment with two broad fuscous annuli narrowly separated at the middle and the second nearly reaching the apex, terminal segment dark fuscous on inner side and with outer side obliquely fuscous from middle to apex and with a narrow fuscous sub-basal bar. Head with frons cream-buff, a cream-buff area around eyes, vertex thickly clothed with loosely appressed, faintly iridescent, dark fuscous scales. Thorax and tegula cream-buff mixed with light fuscous. Fore wing extremely narrow, long and acutely pointed, ground colour cream-buff, costal area suffused with dark mummy brown, a broad dark mummy brown streak, faintly iridescent, along dorsum to beyond tornus thence gradually narrowing along termen to apex, plical stigma consisting of a small elongate black dash at 1/4 with lower edge touching dorsal streak, a narrow medial streak of ground colour lightly peppered with minute specks of fuscous. Cilia grey. Hind wing light grey, cilia greyish. Legs cream-buff irrorate exteriorly with fuscous. Abdomen fuscous above, cartridge buff below. Female genitalia (Text-fig. 7) : Ovipositor fairly broad, moderately setose. Ostium anterior, membranous. Ostial plate divided medially, caudal margins of the two halves rounded, well furnished with fine long setae. Ductus bursae narrow. Bursa copulatrix with a large signum in the form of a heavily sclerotized elongate plate MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS 151 FIGS. 7-9. Male and female genitalia. (7) Batrachedra euvema sp. n., female, ventral view. (8) Decadarchis leucocyma sp. n., male, ventral view. (9) D. leucocyma sp. n., aedoeagus, lateral view. 152 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS bearing uneven rows of teeth-like projections. Inception of ductus seminalis at entrance to bursa near signum. Type $: "Lord Howe Island, Mt. Lidgbird, I9.viii.i953 ". Genitalia slide B.M.3727- One example only, caught among Howea palms. This species is superficially similar to B. epombra Meyrick from South Africa and B. macroloncha Meyrick from Ceylon, but may be recognized by the distinct medial ground colour stripe on the fore wing. GLYPHIPTERYIGIDAE Simaethis sycopola Meyrick Simaethis sycopola Meyrick, 1880, Proc. Linnean Soc. N.S. Wales, 5 : 211. A male example caught flying actively in sunshine on the lower slopes of Mt. Lidgbird, " Lord Howe Island, ig.viii.i953 ". Genitalia slide B.M.3775. An Australian species occurring in Queensland and New South Wales. The larva feeds on the leaves of Ficus stipulata according to Meyrick (loc. cit.) and on other species of Ficus (Vide Tillyard, 1926, Insects of Australia and New Zealand, p. 423). ELACHISTIDAE Elachista archaeonoma Meyrick Elachista archaeonoma Meyrick, 1888, Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst., 21 : 179. Elachista synethes Meyrick, 1897, Proc. Linnean Soc. N.S. Wales, 22 : 333. syn. nov. A common species in grassy places on Lord Howe Island. Five moths were caught flying very low amongst grass by the lagoon and others were seen, " i8.viii.i953 ". Two more were caught on a grassy patch on Mt. Lidgbird, " I9.viii.i953 ". This species is recorded from Auckland, Nelson, Wellington and Dunedin in New Zealand (Meyrick, 1888, I.e.), and New South Wales, Melbourne and W. Australia (Meyrick, 1897, I.e.). It is doubtfully recorded from Norfolk Island in a collection made by Mrs. I. McComish (Hawkins, 1942, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. ser. n, 9 : 874). The new synonymy above has been introduced after examination of the syntypes from Meyrick's collection in the British Museum (Natural History). GRACILLARIIDAE Acrocercops tomia sp. n. <$ 8 mm. Labial palpus white, second segment suffused with fuscous exteriorly towards apex. Head and thorax white. Tegula white with an admixture of cream- buff anteriorly. Antenna dark fuscous. Fore wing narrowly elongate-lanceolate, light ochraceous-tawny, three transverse white markings edged with black, one at 1/3, the second at middle identical with the first and separated from it by an area of ground colour of much the same size, the third marking at 3/4 as broad on dorsum as the first two markings but narrower at costa, a much smaller white marking edged MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS 153 with black scales from just before apex to tornus. Cilia greyish. Hind wing dark grey. Legs white with light ochraceous-tawny annuli. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 3) : Valva semi-membranous, very broad at base, costa weakly sclerotized, an invagination containing specialized scales at the middle of the exterior ventral margin. Transtilla narrow. Aedoeagus weakly sclerotized, slightly stouter apically. Type (J : " Lord Howe Island, i8.viii.i953 ". Genitalia slide 6^.3783. Superficially almost identical with the Eastern Australian species A. antigrapha Turner, from which it is separated by slight comparative differences in the male genitalia, having the valva more tapered apically, and the pocket in the ventral margin containing specialized scales rounded and not elongate as in antigrapha. LYONETIIDAE Opogona euchaetes sp. n. $ 1 6 mm. Labial palpus dark mummy brown exteriorly, shining greyish cream- buff interiorly. Front of head dark fuscous, fringe between antennae shining cream- buff with an admixture of fuscous basally, vertex, thorax and tegula dark fuscous, tegula slightly darker. Antenna cartridge buff suffused with dark fuscous basally, scape fuscous-black. Fore wing dark fuscous, basal half thickly overlaid with very small, narrow dark olive-buff scales, which give this part of the wing a matt appearance. Cilia pale ochreous. Hindwing pellucid at base, apex shining golden ochreous, middle of wing fuscous-black, a specialized area at base of costa bearing long, greyish cream-buff hairs. Cilia pale ochreous. Legs pale ochreous. Abdomen light fuscous. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 6) : Valva with costa free, rounded at apex, sacculus strongly sclerotized, produced distally to a stout prong with sharp points. Vinculum triangular, without saccus. Gnathus arms small, elongate and bearing a few heavy spine-like setae on inner side. Aedoeagus stout, cylindrical. Type <$ : "Lord Howe Island, Mt. Lidgbird, I9.viii.i953 ". Genitalia slide B.M.377I. In size and superficial appearance this species resembles 0. omoscopa (Meyrick), but the matt effect given to the basal part of the fore wing of the male by the small dark olive-buff scales makes it distinctive. Decadarchis leucocytna sp. n. c? 12 mm. Labial palpus honey yellow, second segment and basal half of terminal segment suffused with fuscous exteriorly. Frons cartridge buff mixed with dark mummy brown and fuscous, vertex and thorax dark mummy brown mixed with fuscous. Antenna cartridge buff, thickened at middle, scape brownish. Fore wing (rubbed) narrow, elongate-lanceolate, greyish ochreous with diffuse brownish or dark fuscous markings and scattered brownish scales, a brownish marking at base, another on dorsum beyond middle, five or six outwardly oblique, thin, short white stripes from costa, first at middle, last just before apex, both very short, spaces 154 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS between stripes dark mummy brown, apex dark mummy brown. Cilia dark cream- buff. Hind wing light grey, cilia cream-buff. Legs cream-buff. Male genitalia (Text-figs. 8 and 9) : Valva weakly sclerotized. Tegumen short, round- ed, narrowing caudad. Uncus not developed. Gnathus fringed with strong setae laterally. Saccus very long and thin. Type $ ' "Lord Howe Island, Mt. Lidgbird, 19.^1.1953". Genitalia slide B.M.3782. This species has been provisionally placed in the genus Decadarchis Meyrick near D. subridens Meyrick, a Fijian species, which it superficially resembles. II. NORFOLK ISLAND Norfolk Island is one of the small isolated islands in the South Pacific at which we called on the voyage from Australia to the Solomons. We were fortunate enough to have an opportunity of spending a morning ashore while cargo was being unloaded. We landed at Cascades, a rocky and uninhabited section of the coast on the opposite side of the island to Kingston. The regular landing place at Kingston was unusable due to a heavy swell. Hills and valleys wooded with the Norfolk Island pine, Araucaria excelsa, lie behind the cliffs at Cascades, forming a landscape which in some respects is reminiscent of parts of the North Downs in England. The present paper is based on material collected in this woodland. For a small collection comprising forty-one specimens secured in rather hurried circumstances it has proved much more interesting than could be expected, and it is evident that much has yet to be learnt about the lepidopterous fauna of Norfolk Island. The material represents eight species, including five which are apparently new to science, one of which belongs to an apparently undescribed genus. Of the previously known species, two are endemic to Norfolk Island and are extremely rare in collections. A new genus is now described for one of them, Tinea capnitis Turner and attention is drawn to certain morphological differences in the other species, Schoenotenes capnosema Turner, which may possibly be of generic significance. The third known species is Opogona omoscopa (Meyrick), which, although it belongs to a genus well represented in the Indo-Australian region, is nevertheless characteristic of South Africa and the Madeiras and has undoubtedly been introduced to Norfolk Island by shipping. The collection is in the British Museum (Natural History), including the types and paratypes of the species described below. When making the descriptions, colour terms have in most instances been taken from Ridgway's Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. SCHOENOTENIDAE Schoenotenes capnosema Turner Schoenotenes capnosema Turner, 1918, Trans, roy. Soc. S. Aust., 42 : 287. One female example of this species was captured among dead, fallen branches of Araucaria excelsa, "Cascades, Norfolk Island, 26.viii.i953 ". Genitalia slide B.M.369I. MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS 155 10 13 FIGS. 10-13. Female genitalia. (10) Schoenotenes capnosema Turner, (n) Comodica semiades sp. n. (12) Norfolkia hilderi gen. n. sp. n. (13) Opogona psola sp. n. 156 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS This appears to be an aberrant species of Schoenotenes. In the fore wing vein 2 is more strongly curved at the base than is normal in the genus, the parting vein is represented by a fold only, and in the hind wing the stalking of veins 6 and 7 is longer than is usual and vein 7 goes to the costa and not to the apex as in the other known species. The female genitalia also appear to be somewhat atypical of the genus. The venational and genitalic differences evident in the female of capnosema may indicate generic or subgeneric distinctness, but a proper evaluation of these characters must remain in abeyance until examples of the male can be obtained for study. Female genitalia (Text-fig. 10) : These have not previously been described or figured for this species. Ovipositor extensile, when fully extended the ends of the posterior apophyses are level with the ostium, lobes narrow, pointed and with apices close together, sparsely clothed with fine setae laterally. Anterior apophyses reaching to inception of ductus seminalis, connected to each other basally by a narrow strongly sclerotized transverse dorsal band. Ostium membranous, wide at mouth becoming a cylindrical tube weakly sclerotized as it narrows to enter ductus bursae, which is fairly long and narrow and is convoluted throughout its length and has an internal coiled cestum. Ductus bursae subspherical, signum small and tooth-like. GELECHIIDAE Anisoplaca cosmia sp. n. 3 16 mm. Labial palpus light cartridge buff above, warm buff below, basal segment and underside of second segment except apex overlaid with fuscous black, upperside of second segment with fuscous medial band, third segment lightly overlaid with light fuscous at base of underside and with a narrow fuscous supramedial band. Head, thorax (thorax rubbed), patagia and tegula cartridge buff, individual scales on head brownish at tips, patagia dark brown basally. Antenna cream-buff, finely ciliated along anterior margin, posterior margin with segment barred with fuscous basally ; scape cartridge buff minutely irrorated with brownish, bearing a pecten of several long fuscous hair-like scales. Fore wing cartridge buff with diffused fuscous- black markings ; anterior margin of costa irrorated with blackish, a blackish dash at 4/5 and a small black spot at base, an ochreous-buff suffusion below costa from near base to apex, four small black discal dot-like spots surrounded by whitish rings, first in disc before middle, second on fold rather before first, their rings confluent, third and fourth transversely placed and close together at 3/5, their rings confluent, a fifth spot not surrounded by a whitish ring immediately above the first discal in the ochreous-buff suffusion below costa, a cloudy whitish subterminal fascia from 4/5 of costa to tornus, dentate outwards in middle to termen, edged inwardly with fuscous, a heavy blackish dash at about middle touching the whitish rings of the outer discal spots and a large fuscous pretornal blotch on dorsum, a cloudy blackish terminal line. Cilia whitish along termen with a diffuse fuscous basal line, mixed with fuscous black around apex, wholly light fuscous on dorsum. Hind wing light grey, a long pale cartridge buff hair-pencil from base of inner margin. Cilia light cartridge buff, a MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS 157 FIGS. 14-20. Male genitalia. (14) Anisoplaca cosmia sp. n. (15) Erechthias strigata sp. n. (16) E. strigata sp. n., aedoeagus. (17) Comodica semiades sp. n. (18) C. semiades sp. n., aedoeagus. (19) Opogona psola sp. n. (20) O. psola sp. n., aedoeagus. 158 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS greyish sub-basal line. Legs cream-buff, fore- and middle legs with wide fuscous annuli, hind leg irrorated with fuscous on underside. Male genitalia (Text-figs. 14 and 21) : Valva elongate, narrow, apex rounded, distal margin clothed with fine setae on innerside. Sacculus weak, a solitary strong spine-like seta projecting from inner margin. Uncus spatulate, broadly rounded apically, two parallel longitudinal rows of long setae on inner face. Gnathus arms very short, supporting a very large and heavily sclerotized hook. Aedoeagus with basal portion stout and somewhat bulbous, apical half constricted, widening slightly at apex and with a minute thorn-like projection at right angles to tip. Type ( : " Norfolk Island, Cascades, 26.viii.i953 ". One example only, caught at rest on the bole of Araucaria excelsa. Genitalia slide 6^.3787. This species is very closely allied to the New Zealand species A. archyrota Meyrick. The markings and coloration of the fore wings of the two species are very similar, but they can be distinguished by the labial palpus, which in cosmia is fuscous- black to the apex on the underside of the second segment, while in archyrota only the basal two-thirds are fuscous-black. In archyrota the basal half of the valva of the male genitalia is very narrow and there is a triangular projection on the ventral margin beyond the middle which bears a small sclerotized point at the apex. LYONETIIDAE Erechthias strigata sp. n. <$ 10 mm. Labial palpus light cartridge buff, second and terminal segments dark fuscous outwardly, a small apical tuft of raised scales on underside of second segment. Head, thorax, tegula and antenna light cartridge buff, an admixture of fuscous at middle and anterior margin of thorax and on tegula. Fore wing whitish cartridge buff, base of costa heavily suffused with fuscous, a thin sprinkling of fuscous scales from near base across middle of wing merging at 2/3 with a large distinctive patch of blackish fuscous which extends transversely from immediately below costa to a little beyond middle, the upper (costal) edge of the patch is outwardly oblique and is parallel with three narrow apical stripes, the outer one being the broadest and at the apex, the first stripe is separated from the blackish fuscous patch by a thin white line and a similar line separates the second and third stripes, a somewhat wider gap of ochreous-buff separates the first and second stripes, below the stripes a thin whitish line extends from the middle of the discal patch to the apex, a heavy fuscous-black dash from lower (dorsal) edge of discal patch to middle of termen, a few ochreous-buff scales at tornus. Cilia whitish, a small patch of ochreous-buff in the indentation below apex, cilia above apex tipped with fuscous. Hind wing light cartridge buff, a small fuscous dash at apex. Cilia light cartridge buff. Legs cartridge buff, fore leg blackish fuscous anteriorly, tibia of hind leg clothed with fine cream-buff hair. Male genitalia (Text-figs. 15 and 16) : Valva short, rounded distally, costa and distal margin clothed with fine hair, a close-set cluster of four setae at base of costa. Vinculum very long, narrow and with straight sides. Saccus short. Aedoeagus MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS 159 cylindrical, long and straight, tip slender and pointed. Vesica with a sclerotized strand. Type c? : "Norfolk Island, Cascades, 26.viii.i953 ". Genitalia slide B.M.3827. Para types : 2 <, same data as type. Genitalia slide B.M.3785. All examples found in the crevices of the bark of Araucaria excelsa. This species is recognizable by the blackish discal marking on the fore wing ; it may be placed near the tropicopolitan species E. zebrina (Butler). Comodica semiades sp. n. c?, $ lo-n mm. Labial palpus whitish cartridge buff, narrowly fuscous-black exteriorly to near apex, a few scattered dark fuscous bristles exteriorly on second segment. Head cartridge buff, sometimes an admixture of fuscous between antennae and on vertex. Thorax and tegula cartridge buff, female with a small fuscous spot in middle of thorax and a similar spot each side of the medial line in the anterior margin of thorax. Antenna greyish, scape cartridge buff with a longitudinal fuscous line anteriorly ; male with a deep notch at base. Fore wing cartridge buff or warm buff, irregularly suffused with ochreous buff and with dark brown and fuscous-black markings ; the sexes are slightly dimorphic and the female is usually of darker coloration and is more heavily marked than the male ; five outwardly oblique fuscous-black or dark brown streaks from costa, in the male the first or basal of these streaks is very weak or absent, a similar outwardly oblique streak from middle of dorsum weak in the male and strong in the female, anterior edge of costa fuscous- black at base, in the male the whole of the basal half of the wing excepting the costa is usually a unicolorous cartridge buff or warm buff without markings, while in the female it is irregularly marked with dark brown or fuscous-black streaks, in both sexes the fourth costal streak is wedge-shaped and is followed by a short line of silvery scales to middle where it meets at right-angles a heavy black dash which extends towards termen and is surrounded outwardly by a wide area of dark ochreous buff, a broad suffusion of dark ochreous buff extends inwards from the line of silvery :ales nearly to middle, in the female the basal and second costal streaks extend across this and together with the streak from middle of dorsum converge a little below (dorsad) the silvery line and are followed by a small patch of white scales, termen suffused with fuscous sometimes with a faint purplish iridescence, a small black spot below apex. Cilia greyish cartridge buff, two straight lines of fuscous- )lack projecting from apex, the upper one rather obliquely upwards and the lower one obliquely downwards, beneath the latter the cilia are excavated by a curved wedge-shaped indentation. Hind wing greyish. Cilia greyish cartridge buff, whitish basally, a thin black line projecting from apex. Male genitalia (Text-figs. 17 and 18) : Valva elongate, distal margin excavate, ipex somewhat produced, obtuse, slightly thickened and indented ventrally, a short rm-like process '(? costa) arising from base of valva, knobbed at the end and clothed dth a few spine-like setae. Aedoeagus straight, cylindrical. Vesica armed with rows or clusters of straight, thorn-like cornuti. 160 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS Female genitalia (Text-fig, n) : Ovipositor long, extensile, lobes slightly dilated, obtuse, setose. Ostial plate hardly sclerotized, elongate, a few fine setae on caudal margin laterally. Ostium rounded, situated on anterior margin, with lateral slightly raised oblique sclerotized ridges. Ductus bursae short, widening and soon entering bursa copulatrix which is elongate and bears a cross-shaped signum. Type (J : "Norfolk Island, Cascades, 26.viii.53". Genitalia slide B.M.378o. Paratypes : 5 $, 9 $, same data as type. Genitalia slides B.M.3745, B.M.3746 and B.M.3793. All examples caught on the dead wood of a fallen Araucaria excelsa. The peculiar streaked and variegated ornamentation of this species, particularly of the female, likens it superficially to the Australian species C. tetracercella Meyrick, which is recognizable by the four or five oblique fuscous stripes on the dorsum of the fore wing. Opogona omoscopa (Meyrick) Hieroxestis omoscopa Meyrick, 1893, Proc. Linnean Soc. N.S.Wales, 17 : 567. One male example captured among fallen branches and litter beneath Araucaria excelsa, " Norfolk Island, Casacades, 26.viii.i953 ". This species has a wide distribution and is known from South Africa, Madeiras, Rodriguez, Mauritius, East Australia, New Zealand and Lord Howe Island. It belongs to a group characteristic of South Africa and the Madeiras. The habit of the larva of feeding in dead stems of sugarcane and other plants and, according to Meyrick (loc. cit.) on cork, has no doubt led to its importation to Norfolk Island. Opogona psola sp. n. (, $ 9-12 mm. Labial and maxillary palpi, front of head and antenna ivory yellow, labial palpus dark brown exteriorly, frons smooth and shining, vertex, thorax and antennal scape olive-brown. Fore wing olive-brown with a slight bronzy sheen. Cilia buffy brown. Hind wing shining brassy grey, a very slight trace of iridescence along costa and dorsum extending into cilia. Cilia light buffy brown. Legs ochreous, innerside of fore leg dark olive-brown. Abdomen greyish ochreous above, whitish ochreous beneath. Male genitalia (Text-figs. 19 and 20) : Valva long and narrow, apical half somewhat paddle-shaped. Sacculus strong, narrow, distal half free, sharply pointed. Saccus moderate, tapering to a point. Tegumen rounded, anterior margin deeply cleft. Uncus bifid, a pair of vestigial rounded lobes. Gnathus a pair of subquadrate lobes, innerside of distal area studded with heavy setae. Aedoeagus cylindrical, apex obliquely pointed. Female genitalia (Text-fig. 13) : Ovipositor very long, extensile, lobes slightly dilated, setose at apices. Ostial plate weakly sclerotized, caudal margin deeply incised, forming a narrow groove to ostium, which is a small rounded opening situated in middle of plate. Ductus bursae moderately long, membraneous and narrow. Bursa copulatrix subspherical, two stout thorn-like signa. Type $ : "Norfolk Island, Cascades, 26.viii.53". Genitalia slide B.M.3822. MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS 161 26 21 FIGS. 21-26. (21) Anisoplaca cosmia sp. n., aedoeagus. (22) Empaesta gen. n., wing venation. (23) Empaesta capnitis (Turner) comb, n., male genitalia, (24) E. capnitis (Turner) comb, n., aedoeagus. (25) Norfolkia gen. n., wing venation. (26) Norfolkia hilderi gen. n. sp. n., male genitalia. 162 MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS Paratypes : 13 $ and $, same data as type. Genitalia slides B.M.372Q and B.M.3788. All the above examples were collected from the thick carpet of dead twigs and branches beneath the Amucaria excelsa. This species is closely allied and superficially similar to the Hawaiian species 0. aurisquamosa Butler, which is slightly larger, and has an extremely long saccus in the male genitalia. TINEIDAE NORFOLKIA gen. n. Labial palpus porrect, extending well beyond head, terminal segment as long as or longer than second, second segment roughened beneath and with apical bristles, terminal segment complanate, grooved beneath. Maxillary palpus not folded. Tongue short. Antenna filiform in both sexes. Head with scales appressed. Fore wing (Text-fig. 25) elongate-ovate, pointed, all veins present, ib furcate, 2 and 3 stalked from angle, 7 to costa near apex, indication of parting vein in cell. Hind wing (Text-fig. 25) trapezoidal, pointed, all veins present, 2 from well before 3, 3 and 4 separate, 4 and 5 parallel, 5 and 6 connate or short stalked, 6 to apex. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 26) : Tegumen elongate, uncus membranous. Gnathus paired. Valva simple, sacculus weakly developed. Vinculum rounded, without saccus. Aedoeagus cylindrical. Female genitalia (Text-fig. 12) : Ovipositor moderately strong, extensile, lobes poorly developed. Ostial plate moderately sclerotized, tapered caudally. Ostium external, small, membranous. Bursa copulatrix with double signum. Apophyses very strong. Type species : Norfolkia hilderi sp. n. A genus apparently endemic to Norfolk Island. Near to Tinea, but distinguished by the lack of a saccus in the male genitalia. Norfolkia hilderi sp. n. <$ 14 mm., 16 mm. Upperside of labial palpus cartridge buff, apex of third segment lightly tipped with ochreous buff ; underside ochreous-buff , terminal segment heavily irrorated with fuscous-black ; second segment with several dark brown apical bristles laterally. Lower part of frons cartridge buff, upper part and vertex ochreous-buff irrorated with dark brown. Thorax and base of tegula dark mummy brown, tip of tegula cream buff irrorated with brown. Antenna cream buff, antennal segments annulate basally with dark brown, scape ochreous-buff, brown at base anteriorly. Fore wing cream-buff irrorated with mummy brown, markings dark mummy brown lightly sprinkled with ochreous-buff, a broad elongate somewhat diffuse marking at base of costa having outer margin strongly emphasized and reaching to plical fold where it converges with the inner corner of a heavy quadrate marking on dorsum at 1/3, a transverse marking on costa at 1/3 reaching to middle, a much smaller marking on costa a little beyond i /2 and a similar pretornalmarking opposite on MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS 163 dorsum, an inwardly oblique variable dark mummy brown preapical fascia conspicuous on costa becoming diffuse and indistinct towards middle and very weak or disappear- ing towards tornus, some small dots and flecks of brown along costa interspersed between the larger markings, termen mummy brown or mummy brown mixed with dark ochreous-buff. Cilia cartridge buff mixed with brown. Hind wing thinly scaled basally, dark grey with a purplish iridescence distally. Cilia greyish cartridge buff. Legs cream-buff with coloration lighter proximally ; fore leg with distinct fuscous- black annuli ; middle leg femur lightly overlaid with fuscous on underside, tibia fuscous-black to near apex, tarsus with broad fuscous-black annula ; hind leg with tibia and spurs outwardly suffused with dark fuscous, tarsus with broad dark fuscous annuli. Abdomen dark fuscous above and at sides, cream-buff below ; male with a small dark fuscous anal tuft. Male genitalia (Text-fig. 26) : Valva weakly sclerotized, slightly constricted and clothed with a few fine setae a little beyond base, apex rounded. Sacculus very narrow, thin and acutely pointed distally. Gnathus arms thin curved rods, acutely pointed. Vinculum evenly rounded. Aedoeagus a straight cylindrical tube, slightly broader at base, apex obliquely pointed. Female genitalia (Text-fig. 12) : Ovipositor lobes convoluted, weakly sclerotized. Ostial plate moderately sclerotized, broad anteriorly, tapering, caudal margin with a deep medial cleft, rounded laterally and furnished with a few scattered setae. Ostium situated on anterior margin of plate, very small and thinly membranous. Bursa copulatrix subspherical, small ; ( signa shield-like with strongly sclerotized longitudinal keels. Posterior apophyses stout and very strongly sclerotized, extend- ing to bursa. Type (J : "Norfolk Island, Cascades, 26.viii.53". Genitalia slide B. 1^.3784. Paratypes : i <$, i $, same data as type. Genitalia slide B.M.368g. On the bark and rotten wood of a fallen Araucaria excelsa. A number of empty pupa cases were found which are believed to belong to this species. Superficially this species is reminiscent of the palaearctic species Nemapogon para- sitella (Hiibner) but the structure of the male genitalia indicates a closer affinity to the genus Tinea. I take pleasure in naming this interesting species after Captain Brett Hilder, who is well known in the islands of the South West Pacific. EMPAESTA gen. n. Labial palpus porrect, moderately long, about twice length of head, second segment about twice as long as third, roughened beneath, a longitudinal row of bristles laterally. Maxillary palpus long, folded. Tongue vestigial. Head wholly rough haired, thorax smooth. Antenna in male shortly ciliate, scape short and with a weak pecten. Ocellus absent. Hind tibia clothed with long hair posteriorly, a dense fringe of hair between the two pairs of spurs anteriorly. Fore wing (Text-fig. 22) all veins present, ib strongly furcate, ic present at margin only, veins arising from cell separate, 2 from I64MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE AND NORFOLK ISLANDS well before angle, 3 from angle, 4 approximate, 7 to costa, n from near base. Hind wing (Text-fig. 22) all veins present, separate, 7 to costa. Male genitalia (Text-figs. 23 and 24) : Valva with an arm-like costal process arising from base. Tegumen weak, narrow. Uncus and gnathus vestigial, membra- nous. Anellus cylindrical. Vinculum long and narrow, produced to a moderate saccus. Aedoeagus tubular. Type species : Tinea capnitis Turner, 1918, Trans, roy. Soc. S. Aust., 42 : 288. The venational, palpal and other structural characters place this genus in the family Tineidae near the composite genus Tinea. The morphology of the male genitalia indicate affinities with the Lyonetiidae, and the present placing of the genus must therefore be considered as provisional until these two families become better known. Ernpaesta capnitis (Turner), new combination. Tinea capnitis Turner, loc. cit. 2 (J : "Norfolk Island, Cascades, 26.viii.53 ". Genitalia slide 6^.3769. Both examples captured among Aramaria excelsa. Male genitalia (Text-figs. 23 and 24) : Valva subtriangular, thickly clothed with fine hair on inner side, costal arm very strongly developed, elbowed, slightly broader and covered with fine hair at apex, truncate. Vinculum and saccus combined to form a continuous long narrow V-shaped structure. Aedoeagus with three external pre- apical teeth, a dense internal sheaf of long thin cornuti. 26 APR 1956 \ PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING r J8 6 APR 1956 SPHECIDAE (HTOLJ RECOLTES EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI PAR M. KENNETH M. GUICHARD JACQUES DE BEAUMONT BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 4 No. 5 LONDON: 1956 SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RECOLTES EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI PAR M. KENNETH M. GUICHARD PAR JACQUES DE BEAUMONT (Mus6e zoologique de Lausanne) Pp. 165-215 ; 37 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 4 No. 5 LONDON: 1956 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 4, No. 5 of the Entomological series. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued April, 1956 Price Fifteen Shillings SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RECOLTES EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI PAR M. KENNETH M. GUICHARD* Par JACQUES DE BEAUMONT M. KENNETH M. GUICHARD a sejourne longuement en Tripolitaine durant les annees 1951-54 ; il a fait plusieurs expeditions dans diverses regions de le Libye et jusqu'au Tibesti. A cote de ses occupations acridologiques, il a eu 1'excellente idee de recolter des Hymenopteres et je le remercie tres vivement de m'avoir confie, par 1'inter- mediaire de MM. R. B. Benson et I. H. H. Yarrow, 1'etude des Sphecides. La liste des especes de Sphecidae signales en Libye jusqu'en 1932 a ete donnee dans le " Prodrome della fauna della Libia" de Zavattari (1934). Les especes capturees ulterieurement ont ete notees par Guiglia (1942). En combinant ces deux travaux, Ton arrive a un total d'environ 125 especes ; notons que les determinations figurant dans les travaux anciens ne sont pas toutes dignes de foi et que certaines synonymies seraient a revoir. La plupart des especes ont ete citees de Cyrena'ique seulement ; c'est dire que les recoltes de M. Guichard, faites principalement en Tripolitaine et au Fezzan, sont un tres important complement a la connaissance de la faune libyenne. Par ailleurs, nous n'avions pratiquement aucun renseignement sur les Hymenopteres du Tibesti. La collection renferme plus de 800 specimens. Ci-dessous, je signale 144 especes ; 12 sont nouvelles ; 2 autres, egalement nouvelles, mais qui se trouvent aussi au Maroc, ont ete decrites dans un autre travail ; il y a egalement une sous-espece nouvelle et le $ ou la $ encore inconnus de plusieurs especes. Quelques individus, appartenant en particulier aux genres Astata, Tachysphex et Diodontus ont ete provisoirement laisses de cote ; ils appartiennent en partie a des especes inedites. Les localites de capture peuvent etre groupees en 5 regions ; j'en donne ci- dessous la liste en indiquant les localites et les dates telles qu'elles figurent sur les etiquettes ; dans certains cas, une correction au nom donne ou une autre indication ont ete ajoutees. CYRfiNAIQUE (Cy.) Quelques recoltes seulement ont ete faites, dans la partie cotiere de la Cyrenaique. Cyrene, 23-iii, 29-iii, 3.^.1954. Tolmeta 2.iv.54. Ras el Hilal 13.^.54. Derna 16 et 17.^.54. Wadi Mara 24 . iv . 54. Barce (El Merg) 25 . iv . 54. i km. east of Benghazi 4^.54. * Travail publi6 avec 1'aide d'un subside de la Societe academique vaudoise, Lausanne. ENTOM. 4, 5. n 168 SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI TRIPOLITAINE SEPTENTRIONALE (Tr.N.) Certaines captures ont ete faites dans la zone littorale : Sabratha 23.xii.5i, 27. ii, 14.111.54. Tripoli ii-iii . 54. Near Tripoli I . vi . 51. Sidi Mesri 1.52, 29.1.54. Sidi Bennur 27 . 1 . 52, 8 . iii . 54. Sidi Gelani 4.v.5i. Corradini 23.iv.5i, 10.11.53. Ain Zara 28.V.5I. Azizia District 2.v.5i. Gargaresc, 7 km. W. of Tripoli v-vi . 52. Tagiura 10 . vi . 5 1 . Giar Garabulli 1.11.52. Cussabat 3.vi.5i. Horns I2.iii.52, 13.111.54. Leptis Magna 2.vi.5i, 22 et 23 vi.52. Zliten n.iii.52. Gioda io.iii.52. D'autres localites sont situees dans la chaine cotiere (Djebel Nefoussa). Giado 23.vi.5i. lefren (Jefren) 23. v. 51, 24.11.54. Hills of Azizia-Garian Road 24.111.51. Garian 22.4, 23-24.^1.51, 22.11.54. Near Garian 2 et 6.V.5I. 20 km, W. of Garian 6.v.5i. Bugheilan 6 . vi . 52 . Bir el Hamera, 50 km. S.W. of Mizda 20.V.5I. TRIPOLITAINE MERIDIONALE (Tr.S.) Un certain nombre de localites, dans la region du Djebel Soda et du Djebel Harug el Asued one ete visitees lors d'une expedition en ii et iii 1952. Hon oasis 5 et 17.11.52. Meduin oasis 8.11.52. Zella oasis 9-10 . ii . 52. El Harrug, Wadi el Majina 13.11.52. Jebel Soda 2. iii. 52. Jebel Soda, Wadi Ghodaifa 3.111.52. Hon 6.111.52. Wadi Touzist, 51 miles S. of Bou Ngem 8. iii. 52. SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI 169 FEZZAN (Fe.) Mendib (Mendil) 85 miles S. E. of 1 Fogaha 24.11.41. In Aramas (W. de 1'Edeyen de Mourzouk) u.iv.-2. Mourzouk i6.iv.52. Oum el Aveneb (Oum el Araneb) 23.iv.52. Traghen 28.iv.52. El Manakh 50 m. N.W. of Edri 4.V.52. Brak (Brack) 7 et g.v.52, n.xi.52. Gatroun 2.11.53. Sebha 27.11.53. TIBESTI (Ti.) Wadi Wour 7.111.53. Tao 8.111.53. Zouar ii.iii.53. Zouar-Bardai Rd., 4,500 ft., 14.111.53. Bardai 18.111.53. Enneri Meche 21 . Hi . 53. Enneri Kudi 23.111.53. Bardai-Zouar Rd. 17.111.53. Zouarke i.iv.53. Guelta Morso 6.iv.53. Dourzo ii.iv.53. Quelles conclusions zoogeographiques peut-on tirer de 1'etude de ce materiel? A la suite de bien des auteurs, j'ai indique, dans plusieurs travaux precedents, qu'il existe en Afrique du Nord deux regions biogeographiques ; la region mediterraneenne et la region saharienne. Au Maroc, en Algerie et en Tunisie, Ton n'a pas de difficultes a trouver la limite entre ces deux zones : 11 suffit de se reporter aux remarquables travaux des phytogeographes, qui 1'ont tracee de fa$on precise. A ma connaissance, il n'existe pas, pour la Libye, de travaux de botanique faits sur les me'mes principes et qui pourraient servir de base. Les problemes de zoogeographie libyenne ont ete traites par Zavattari (1934, 1938). Get auteur divise le pays en une serie de zones geographiques et climatiques, qu'il groupe egalement en 3 regions : cotiere, presaharienne et saharienne. An allant de la cote vers I'mterieur, on volt la faune s'appauvrir et sa composition changer progress! vement. Dans la region cotiere (Cyrenaique et Tripolitaine septentrionale de la liste ci-dessus), ou alternent les aires de type europeen-mediterraneen et predesertique, on trouve un melange d'especes mediterraneennes et eremiennes, avec predominance des premieres ; dans la region presaharienne (Tripolitaine meridionale) on voit augmenter la proportion des especes desertiques ; celles-ci dominent dans la region saharienne (Fezzan) oti ne se trouvent plus que quelques especes mediterraneennes a large distribution. L'etude du materiel rassemble par M. Guichard confirme les constatations faites par 1'auteur italien. iyo SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI Les recoltes faites en Cyrenaique sont tres peu abondantes et ne permettent pas de conclusion definitive ; on pent noter cependant que sur les 10 especes capturees, 5 se retrouvent en Tripolitaine septentrionale ; sur les 5 autres, 3 sont strictement mediterraneennes et les 2 autres endemiques, mais a affinites mediterraneennes. C'est dans la zone que j'ai nommee la Tripolitaine septentrionale que le plus grand nombre d'especes ont ete recoltees : 80, dont 54 n'ont pas ete trouvees plus au sud. Sur ces 80 especes, quelques unes seulement peuvent etre qualifiers de strictement mediterraneennes, c'est a dire qu'elles n'atteignent pas, ailleurs qu'en Libye, la region saharienne ; un petit nombre aussi sont strictement sahariennes. La plus grande partie est formee d'elements plutot mediterraneens, mais qui, dans I'Afrique du N-W, atteignent la region saharienne ou y penetrent plus ou moins loin, et d'especes plutot sahariennes, mais qui sont connues aussi de la region mediter- raneenne. Ces proportions faunistiques ne paraissent pas tres differentes dans la zone du littoral et dans celle de la chaine cotiere ; par contre, peu d'especes sont communes a ces deux zones. Dans la Tripolitaine meridionale, ou une vingtaine d'especes ont ete capturees, on voit augmenter la proportion des elements sahariens. Au Fezzan, M. Guichard a pu reunir 49 especes, dont 4 ont aussi ete trouvees au Tibesti et 29 plus au nord. Les 2/3 de ces especes sont strictement sahariennes ; une ou deux sont des especes plutot mediterraneennes ; le reste est forme d'elements sahariens qui, en Afrique du N-W., penetrent plus ou moins dans la region mediter- raneenne. Un interet particulier s'attache au Tibesti, dont la faune hymenopterienne etait apeupresinconnue. L'expedition de M. Guichard a permis de rassembler 36 especes, dont 22 n'ont pas ete trouvees en Libye. Les 3/4 de ces especes sont strictement sahariennes et on ete trouvees dans d'autres localites du Sahara ou en Egypte ; le dernier quart est constitue par des especes egalement sahariennes mais qui peuvent par endroits atteindre la region mediterraneenne. Dans ce materiel on ne trouve pas d'elements que Ton pourrait qualifier d'ethiopiens. A ce point de vue, le Tibesti est done comparable au Hoggar ; il serait cependant desirable de connaitre encore sa faune durant les autres periodes de 1'annee. Ces constatations montrent qu'il est difficule de tracer, en Libye, une limite entre les regions mediterraneene et saharienne. II semble probable que la region cotiere de la Cyrenaique soit de type mediterranean. La Tripolitaine septentrionale est considered comme mediterraneenne par Zavattari. A vrai dire, sa faune est beaucoup moins typiquement mediterraneenne que celle du nord de 1'Algerie et du Maroc ; Ton pourrait aussi admettre qu'elle est saharienne, avec melange important d'ele- ments mediterraneens. La Tripolitaine meridionale est deja nettement saharienne. Je pense qu'il appartient aux phytogeographes de fixer la ligne de demarcation entre les deux regions. Je voudrais encore donner quelques indications sur la liste qui suit. Dans certains cas, pour les Ammophiles et les Stizes en particulier, j 'ai donne pour plusieurs especes des indications generales, qui depassent un peu le cadre de cette etude faunistique. SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI 171 Je n'ai indique dans la bibliographie que les travaux posterieurs aux etudes classiques de Kohl et de Handlirsch; les travaux generaux recents, consacres exclusivement ou en partie a la faune nord-africaine, ont ete signales au debut de chaque genre. Les types des formes nouvelles, si aucune indication speciale n'est donnee, seront deposes au British Museum, avec la plus grande partie du materiel recolte par M. Guichard ; des doubles et des paratypes se trouveront par la suite dans ma collection. L' abbreviation POL : OOL indique le rapport entre la distance qui separe les ocelles posterieurs et celle qui separe un ocelle posterieur de 1'oeil. Qu'il me soit permis enfin de remercier divers collegues dont le concours m'a ete precieux pour 1'elaboration de ce travail. M. P. Roth a bien voulu examiner divers Sphex et Ammophiles douteux et me donner son avis sur ces insectes. J'ai pu examiner divers types ou paratypes grace a MM. Benson et Yarrow, du British Museum, E. Taylor, de 1'University Museum d'Oxford, et au Dr M. Beier, du Natur- historisches Museum, a Vienne. Genre AMMOPHILA Kirby (Voir : Roth 1928 ; Alfieri 1946) Ammophila (Podalonia) tydei Le Guillou Tr.N. : Sabratha, i$ ; Sidi Mesri, i? ; Zliten, i. (8) Tete du . Sphex (s.s.) flavipennis Fabricius Tr.N. : Leptis Magna 2 ; Giado, 2^ ; Garian, i^ ; Bugheilan, i. Cerceris fischeri Spinola Tr.N. : Leptis Magna, i ; Garian, 2$, 3$ ; Bugheilan, 2$, 2?. Fe. : Brak, i^. i86 SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI Cerceris circularis Fabricius Tr.N. : Gargaresc, i$ ; Tagiura, i$ ; Garian, 2,$. Ces individus ont les dessins jaunes tres developpes sur 1'abdomen, mais relative- ment peu sur le thorax. L'aire dorsale du propodeum est lisse au milieu. Cerceris pulchella Klug Tr.N. : Ain Zara, 1$, i$ ; Gargaresc, 3$ ; Tagiura, i$. Les $, comme d'autres specimens de Tripolitaine que j'avais deja examines, ont sur 1' abdomen des dessins ferrugineux tres developpes. Le $ a le ler tergite noir, les tergites 2 et 3 presque entierement jaunes, les suivants noirs avec une bande terminale jaune. Cerceris histrionica Klug Tr.N. : Bugheilan, i$. Fe. : Brak, 2,$. Cerceris albicincta Klug Ti. : Zouar, i,^ ; Enneri Meche, i$ ; Zouarke, i$. Cerceris bupresticida Dufour Tr.N. : Gargaresc, i^. Le zer tergite est noir ; des zones ferrugineuses a la limite des dessins noirs des tergites ; les parties foncees des pattes sont entierement ferrugineuses. Ces caracteres presentent une tendance vers la coloration particuliere d'une ? que j'ai decrite de 1'oasis de Siwa. Cerceris tricolorata Spinola Tr.N. : Bugheilan, i$. Ti. : Zouarke, i^. Cerceris eugenic Schletterer Ti. : Zouarke, i^. La coloration claire est bien developpee, comme chez les specimens egyptiens, mais la ponctuation du thorax et du propodeum est espacee, comme chez ceux de Biskra. Cerceris arenaria schulzi de Beaumont Tr.N. : Near Garian, 1$. En presence d'un ^ isole, la determination est un peu douteuse. Get individu a 2 taches jaunes au collare ; son abdomen est tricolore, avec le ler tergite ferrugineux et beaucoup de ferrugineux sur les tergites 2-4. SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI 187 Cerceris rutila Spinola Cy. : Cyrene, i? ; Tolmeta, i^, 5? ; Derna, i?. Tr.N. : Tripoli, i$. Les ? de Cyrenai'que ont le ler tergite ferrugineux, des bandes ferrugineuses sur les tergites 2-4, le 5e etant noir ; elles sont done semblables aux individus typiques d'Egypte. La $ de Tripoli a la tache du clypeus ferrugineuse, le ler tergite entiere- ment ferrugineux, les tergites 2-4 avec une bande jaune, bordee de ferrugineux en avant, de petites tache jaunatres sur le 5e tergite. C'est done une forme de transition vers la race lindeni Lepeletier, d'Algerie et du Maroc. Cerceris vittata Lepeletier Tr.N. : Near Garian, 2$. J'ai deja indique les difficultes que presente 1'etude de la variation geographique chez cette espece. Les 2 <$ de Garian ont les angles du collare tout a fait arrondis ; la face n'est pas striee ; le lobe basal de 1'aile posterieure est un peu plus long que le tiers de la cellule anale. La coloration ressemble a celle de v. littorea de Beaumont, mais le propodeum est noir. Cerceris pharaonum Kohl Ti. : Zouar, i^ : Dourzo, i<^. Ces individus, a collare echancre avec des angles aigus, ressemblent beaucoup aux < de pharaonum d'Egypte, mais il serait necessaire de voir des $ pour confirmer la determination. Cerceris teterrima Gribodo Tr.N. : Leptis Magna, 4^, i$ ; Giado, i^ ; Bugheilan, i^. La $ a des zones d'un ferrugineux tres sombre assez etendues sur la tte et le thorax. Le de Giado, celui de Bugheilan et un de ceux de Leptis Magna sont semblables a ceux de Tunisie. Chez les 3 autres $ de Leptis Magna, la coloration claire est plus developpee ; il y a des taches, d'un jaune plus ou moins ferrugineux, sur le scutellum, le postscutellum, les mesopleures et le propodeum ; ler tergite en grande partie ferrugineux ; 1'aire dorsale du propodeum est un peu moins densement striee. Ces individus font peut etre passage a spinipectus Smith. Cerceris straminea Dufour Tr.N.: Bugheilan, i$. Cerceris solitaria Dahlbom Ti. : Dourzo, i$. Genre AMMATOMUS Costa (Pour la classification gnerique des Nyssoninae, voir : de Beaumont 19546) Atnmatomus mesostenus Handlirsch Fe. : Brak, i^, i$. Comme chez les individus de 1'oasis de Siwa, les dessins sont d'un jaune blanchatre, surtout chez la ; la ponctuation du dos du thorax est un peu moins dense. i88 SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI Genre GORYTES Latreille Gorytes (Hoplisoides) gazagnairei Handlirsch Tr.N. : Near Garian, ij. Gorytes (Dienoplus) laevis aegyptiacus Schulz (1904) Fe. : Mourzouk, i$ ; Brak, i$. Cette race a ete basee sur un seul <$, d'Egypte ; provenant de ce pays, j'ai examine 2 (, qui correspondent tres bien a la description de Schulz. En plus de la grande extension de la couleur rouge, ces individus se distinguent des laevis Latreille d'Europe par la presence de 2 taches blanches sur le ler tergite et par la microponctuation moins developpee sur le thorax et le 2e tergite, ou les gros points sont un peu plus forts. Ces caracteres de ponctuation, de meme que la sculpture moins dense du thorax et du propodeum, la grande extension des dessins rouges, separent ces spe- cimens de formosus Jurine. G. pyrrhobasis Morice se distingue par sa tete generale- ment plus foncee, 1'aire dorsale du propodeum noire, la coloration rouge beaucoup plus etendue a la base de 1'abdomen, 1'absence de taches blanches sur le ler tergite, le stigma d'un jaune tres clair, les me"sopleures moins ponctuees, la macroponctuation nettement plus fine. Les 2 individus recoltes par M. Guichard, de me'me qu'une $ de Ghat (Bernard leg., Mus. Paris), ont une sculpture semblable a ceux d'Egypte ; les dessins blancs sont comme chez ceux-ci ; la couleur rouge est encore un peu plus etendue sur la te"te, oti seules la zone interocellaire et la partie inferieure des tempes sont noires ; les pattes sont presque entierement rouges, de meme que la base du ler tergite. Gorytes (Dienoplus) cyrenaicus n. sp. Cy. : Derna, iy.iv.54, *3 tyP e 2 <$ paratypes. cJ. Deux individus (dont le type) mesurent 5 mm. ; le 36 atteint 6,5 mm. Tete et thorax noirs ; extremite des mandibules et une partie du funicule d'un ferrugineux sombre ; les 2 premiers tergites ferrugineux, le bord posterieur du 2e plus ou moins obscurci et montrant de chaque cote une tache blanche ; les tergites suivants noirs ; le 5e montrant chez le plus grand specimen 2 tres petites taches blanchatres arrondies, peu visibles ; les 2 premiers sternites ferrugineux. Pattes noires ; les tibias i montrent a la face externe une petite et etroite strie jaune, n'atteignant pas 1'extre- mite ; une strie semblable existe sur les^tibias 2 du plus grand specimen. Ailes tres peu enfumees, a nervures brunes. La forme de la tete, vue de face, rappelle celle de tumidus Panzer ou laevis Latreille, c'est a dire avec le vertex relativement bombe ; le bord anterieur du clypeus, muni d'un rebord brillant tres net, n'est pas regulierement echancre, mais droit au milieu et saillant de chaque cote (fig. n) ; la face montre la double ponctuation habituelle ; comparee a celle de tumidus, la macroponctuation est un peu plus forte, la micro- ponctuation plus espacee, ce qui rend les teguments plus brillants ; sur le vertex et SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI 189 sur les tempes, la microponctuation est a peu pres nulle ; les 2e et 36 articles du funicule sont a peu pres 2 fois aussi longs que larges, le ge a peine echancre, le I2e a peine courbe ; POL : OOL = 2:1. Dos du thorax a microponctuation a peine visible, a macroponctuation plus forte que chez tumidus ; la macroponctuation des mesopleures est beaucoup plus forte et beaucoup plus dense que chez tumidus ; les sutures episternale et epimerale sont completement effacees. Les faces dorsale et posterieure du propodeum, de meme longueur, forment entre elles un angle peu obtus ; 1'aire dorsale est parcourue par un sillon median profond a bords rectilignes ; elle est entierement lisse ou montre quelques petites stries obliques dans ses angles anterieurs ; le reste de la surface du propodeum, a part quelques courtes cannelures perpendiculaires aux cotes de 1'aire dorsale et quelques courtes stries horizontales 17 FIG. 17. Gorytes (Dienoplus) cyrenaicus n. sp. Clypeus du . dans le haut des faces laterales, n'est pas strie, mais montre des points assez forts, espaces, sur fond brillant ou tres subtilement microponctue. Le ler tergite ne montre que quelques petits points ; sur le 2e tergite, la macroponctuation est plus forte que chez tumidus , tandis que la microponctuation n'est visible que dans la partie basale ; les tergites suivants sont plus brillants que chez tumidus, a ponctuation plus espacee. Epines des pattes tres peu developpees, moins longues que chez tumidus. La 36 cellule cubitale, assez large, a ses cote's paralleles ; le 36 segment de la radiale est plus long que le 46. Cette espece est bien caracterisee par 1'absence de dessins clairs sur la te"te et le thorax, les pattes presque entierement noires, la forme du clypeus, 1'absence de sutures aux mesopleures, la ponctuation nette et espacee du propodeum. Par ce dernier caractere, de meme que par la coloration du thorax et des pattes, elle se rapproche de castor Handlirsch, decrit d'Algerie et d'Egypte, et dont les types sem- blent malheureusement manquer au Museum de Vienne ; castor a cependant les orbites et le clypeus jaunes, le 2e tergite sans taches blanches, la macroponctuation peu developpee sur le thorax. Gorytes (Dienoplus) delicatulus Morice (1911) Fe. : El Manakh, i. Liris memnonia Smith Tr.N. : Sidi Mesri, i. Tr.S. : Hon oasis, 2$, 2? ; Meduin oasis, 2$. Fe. : Brak, i?. Liris at rat a Spinola (=nigrita Lepeletier). Tr.N. : Sidi Mesri, i ; Gatroun, i. J'ai decrit recemment (19540) cette espece d'apres un seul <$ des Canaries ; ne trouvant entre ce $ et ceux du Sahara que de tres minimes differences de sculpture, j'admets qu'ils appartiennent a la meme espece ; pour verifier le fait, il serait utile de pouvoir examiner une $ des Canaries. Je redonne ci-dessous une description complete de 1'espece, basee principalement sur la $. $. 9-10 mm. Mandibules jaunes, noiratres a la base, ferrugineuses et noires a la pointe ; palpes jaunes ; funicule d'un ferrugineux jaunatre a la face inferieure, ferrugineux et noiratre a la face superieure ; tubercules humeraux, tegulae (en partie transparentes), plaques precostales et base des nervures d'un blanc jaunatre ; le reste des nervures d'un ferrugineux plus ou moins brunatre ; ailes hyalines ; extremite du ler tergite, la plus grande partie du 2e segment, la moitie posterieure du 6e tergite, ferrugineuses ; une petite tache a 1'extremite des femurs, les tibias et les tarses d'un blanc jaunatre ; tous les tibias avec une large ceinture foncee, etroite- ment interrompue, ferrugineuse aux pattes anterieures, noiratre sur les autres. 210 SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI Face et clypeus couverts d'une pilosite argente'e plus ou moins dressee, cachant la sculpture ; le clypeus est de forme tres particuliere (fig. 36), bien visible surtout chez les individus dont la pilosite est en partie arrachee ; son bord anterieur est largement echancre en arc ; les angles lateraux sont saillants en pointe aigue ; au fond de 1'echancrure se trouve une 36 pointe, saillante, a extremite arrondie (fig. 37) ; le labre, en forme de grande plaque mince, apparait dans 1'echancrure du cly- peus ; son extremite, visible lorsqu'elle repose sur les mandibules, est densement ponctuee et velue ; le tubercule interantennaire apparait plus ou moins dans la pilosite, sous forme d'une petite lame longitudinale. Funicule nettement clavi- forme ; le 2e article est grele, 4 fois aussi long que large ; le 36 article est 2,5 fois aussi long que large ; les avant-derniers articles ne sont pas plus longs que larges ; vertex demi-brillant, avec une tres fine reticulation de base et de petits points espaces d'ou sortent de longs poils dresses ; POL : OOL = 6:5. Collare borde de 36 VT ^<>^ 37 FIGS. 36-37. Psen (Mimesa) sublaevis de Beaumont $. (36) Tete vue de face. (37) Clypeus vu de profil. poils argentes, a angles lateraux saillants, droits lorsqu'on les examine par dessus ; mesonotum sculpte comme le vertex, mais un peu plus brillant, les points piligeres tres petits et tres espaces sur le disque, un peu plus denses en avant, en arriere, et le long des sillons parapsidaux, qui sont nets ; quelques stries obliques aux angles anterieurs ; scutellum plus brillant que le mesonotum, avec de tres petits points epars ; partie anterieure des mesopleures, entre 1'aire epicnemiale et la suture episternale, rugueuse, avec une pilosite dense ; tout le reste des mesopleures montrant la meme sculpture que le mesonotum, mais avec une ponctuation extremement fine et tres dispersee ; la suture epimerale est indiquee par un tres fin sillon et par une petite fossette. Le propodeum ne montre pas la forte reticulation que Ton voit generalement chez les especes de ce genre ; sa sculpture est partout tres fine ; 1'aire dorsale n'est pas limitee par des carenes ou ne Test que tres partiellement ; une partie de sa surface montre de fines stries divergeant depuis la base ; la partie posterieure des faces laterales est rugueuse, avec une pilosite dressee. Le petiole est tres long ; vu de profil, sa longueur, par rapport au ler tergite, est de 4 : 3 ; ses faces laterales ne sont pas rebordees a la limite de la face dorsale ; cette derniere est parcourue par une carene, aplatie dans sa moitie basale ; le ler tergite, vu par sa face dorsale, est nettement plus long que large a 1'extremite ; les tergites 1-5 sont mats, avec une pruinosite argentee bien visible sous certains angles ; 6e tergite avec une grande aire pygidiale, nettement bordee, a ponctuation dense et avec des soies couchees. Tibias et tarses avec des epines beaucoup plus nombreuses et beau- SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI 211 coup plus longues que chez les especes europeennes du genre ; le metatarse anterieur montre un peigne forme generalement de 9 epines ; les plus developpees ont une longueur depassant la largeur de 1'article. Les 2 nervures recurrentes aboutissent dans la 2e cellule cubitale ; la 36 cellule cubitale est relativement peu etiree a son angle apical inferieur. c. 6,5-8 mm. Coloration comme la $, mais la couleur ferrugineuse de 1'abdomen est tres reduite chez certains individus. Sculpture et pilosite des diverses parties du corps comme chez la $ ; la forme du bord anterieur du clypeus varie un peu d'un individu a 1'autre ; il y a une petite echancrure mediane, plus ou moins profonde, limitee de chaque cote par un petit lobe saillant ; plus lateralement on voit de chaque cote un 2e petit lobe, plus ou moins developpe ; 2e article du funicule plus de 2 fois, le 36 un peu moins de 2 fois aussi longs que larges. Le 6e tergite est beaucoup plus fortement sculpte que les precedents, largement arrondi a I'extremite, relativement peu bombe, mais sans veritable aplatissement sur sa face dorsale. Les epines des pattes sont naturel- lement moins developpees que chez la $, mais cependant plus longues que chez les especes europeennes. Genre DIODONTUS Curtis Diodontus oraniensis Lepeletier Cy. : Derna, 2^. Tr.N. : Sabratha, 4^ ; Tripoli, 1$, 6? ; Sidi Bennur, 2<, 3? ; Zliten, i$ ; lefren, ig ; Garian Hills, 1$. Tr.S. : Hon oasis, 10$ ; Zella oasis, 15^ ; Hon, 14^, i$. Fe. : Mourzouk, i$. L'examen des types (Mus. Vienne) m'a demontre que D. moricei Kohl, d'Egypte, est synonyme de D. oraniensis. Diodontus friesei Kohl Tr.S. : Hon, 8^. Determination a verifier. Genre CROSSOCERUS Lepeletier et Brulle Crossocerus elongatulus van der Linden Tr.N. : Sabratha, 3^, i$ ; Corradini, i^ ; Gargaresc, i$ ; Zliten, i^. Genre LINDENIUS Lepeletier et Brulle Lindenius hamilcar Kohl Tr.N. : Sabratha, i^, 2$ ; Horns, i$ ; Zliten, i$ ; Azizia-Garian Rd., i$. Genre OXYBELUS Latreille (Voir : Verhoeff 1948 : Guiglia 1953.) 212 SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI Oxybelus I am ell at us Olivier Tr.N. : Sabratha, ig, i. Fe. : Mourzouk, $<$, 5$ ; Oum el Araneb, 17$ ; Brak, Oxybelus phyllophorus Kohl Ti. : Bardai, i$. Oxybelus diphyllus Costa Ti. : Bardai, i$. Oxybelus verhoeffi de Beaumont (1950^) Fe. : Brak, i<. Malgre une coloration beaucoup plus foncee et certaines differences de sculpture, je suppose que cet individu est bien le <$, encore inconnu, de verhoeffi ; il presente en effet en commun avec la $ quelques caracteres fondamentaux. Voici sa description. Taille 5 mm. Mandibules jaunes a pointe ferrugineuse et noire ; funicules ferru- gineux, un peu obscurcis en dessus. Sont jaunes sur le thorax : les tubercules humeraux, les bords latero-posterieurs de scutellum et du postscutellum, la moitie interne des lamelles, une tache au fond du mucron ; sont translucides : la lame du collare, les bords latraux du scutellum, la partie externe des lamelles, 1'extremite du mucron. Abdomen noir ; le ler tergite avec 2 taches jaunes, assez etroites, tres pointues a 1'interieur oil elles se touchent presque ; 2e tergite avec des taches semblables, plus etroites ; 36 tergite a taches tres etroites au bord posterieur ; tergites 4-6 noirs, le 76 ferrugineux. Femurs noirs, ceux des 2 premieres paires avec de petites taches apicales jaunes ; tous les tibias avec une tache basale jaune, ceux de la lere paire ferrugineux, ceux des autres paires en grande partie noiratres ou noirs ; tarses ferrugineux. Tegulae, plaque precostale et nervures d'un ferrugineux jaunatre. Morphologiquement, ce <$ rappelle la $ par la ponctuation de la tete, la lamelle surelevee et echancree du collare, la forte reticulation des mesopleures, le mesos- ternum avec une fine microsculpture le rendant demi-mat et avec quelques points isoles, la forte carene longitudinale de la partie posterieure du mesonotum et du scutellum, la forme des lamelles et du mucron, la ponctuation forte et espacee du 2e sternite, les epines des metatarses bien developpees ; le metatarse I montre un peigne de 5 epines, 1'apicale depassant 1'apex du 2e article ; le metatarse 2, outre 1'epine apicale, montre 2 epines sur sa face dorsale d'un cote de 1'insecte, une de 1'autre. La ponctuation du dos du thorax et de 1' abdomen est plus espacee que chez la $ ; sur le 2e tergite, par exemple, les espaces sont en moyenne aussi grands que les points ; les stries laterales du postscutellum sont un peu moins nettes que chez la $. Le clypeus rappelle celui de victor Lepeletier ; le lobe median n'est en effet pas carene ("stumpfe Nase "). Chez collaris Kohl, qui possede aussi une forte lamelle au collare, le clypeus du <$ ressemble a celui de la $ et ne presente pas les 3 pointes habituelles. SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI 213 Oxybelus fischeri Spinola Tr.S. : Zella oasis, i<$, i? ; Hon, i?. Fe. : Mourzouk, 3^, 7$ ; Oum el Araneb, 3c2, 2? ; Brak, 2^. Oxybelus pugnax moricei de Beaumont Tr.N. : Giado, 2^ ; Jefren i<, i$. Oxybelus victor Lepeletier Tr.N. : Giado, i?. Individu fonce ; le thorax ne montre qu'une petite tache claire sur les tubercules humeraux ; d'etroites taches sur les tergites 1-4. Les femurs 3 avec une tache ferrugineuse a 1'extremite. TRAVAUX CITS ALFIERI, A. 1946. Les especes egyptiennes du genre Ammophila. Bull. Soc. Fouad lev Ent. 30 : 105-142. ANDRADE, N. F. de. 1954. Palaearctic Miscophus of the gallicus group. Mem. Est. Mus. Zool. Univ. Coimbra. N.226 : 1-87. BEAUMONT, J. de. 19470. Sphecidae de File de Chypre. Mitt, schweiz. ent. Ges. 20 : 381-402. 19476. Contribution a 1'etude du genre Tachysphex. Ibid. 20 : 661-667. I947C. Nouvelle etude des Tachysphex de la faune egyptienne. Bull. Soc. Fouad lev Ent. 31 : 141-216. 19490. Les Philanthus et Philoponidea de 1'Afrique du N-O. Mitt, schweiz. ent. Ges. 22 : 173-216. 19496. Contribution a 1'etude du genre Palarus. Rev. suisse Zool. 56 : 627-673. 19500. Sphecidae recoltes en Algerie et au Maroc par M. Kenneth M. Guichard. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Entom. 1 : 391-427. 19506. Resultats de 1'expedition de 1'Armstrong College a 1'oasis de Siwa (Desert libyque), J 935. sou s la direction du Professeur J. Omer-Cooper. Sphecidae. Bull. Soc. Fouad lev Ent. 34 : 1-21. 19510. Hymenopteres recoltes par une mission suisse au Maroc (1947). Introduction Bull. Soc. Sc. nat. Maroc, 29 : 253-258. 19516. Id. Sphecidae i. Ibid. 259-284. i952a. Contribution a 1'etude des Cerceris nord-africains. Eos. 27 : 299-408. 19526. Sphecidae palearctiques decrits parM. Spinola. Boll. 1st. Mus. Zool. Univ. Torino. 3, N. 2 : 1-15. I952C. Voyages de M. A. Giordani Soika au Sahara. Ve note. Sphecidae du Hoggar. Boll. Soc. Venez. Stor. nat. 6 : 187-199. 19526?. Hymenopteres recoltes par une mission suisse au Maroc (1947). Sphecidae 2. Bull Soc. Sc. nat. Maroc, 32 : 107-131. I 953- Contribution a 1'etude du peuplement de la Mauritanie. Hymenopteres Sphecidae. Bull. Inst. franc. Afr. Noire, 15 : 171-177. 19536. Notes sur quelques types de Sphecidae decrits par A. G. Dahlbom. Opusc. Ent. 18 : 193-198. . 19540. Sphecidae. Contributions entomologiques de 1'expedition finlandaise aux Canaries 1947-1951. Comment. Biol. 14, N. 8 : 1-6. 214 SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI BEAUMONT, J. de. 19546. Remarques sur la systematique des Nyssoninae palearctiques. Rev. suisse Zool. 61 : 283-322. 19546. Notes sur le genre Prosopigastra. Mitt, schweiz. ent. Ges. 27 : 153-156. 1954^. Les Bembecinus de la region palearctique. Ibid. 27 : 241-276. I955- Hymenopteres recoltes par une mission suisse au Maroc (1947). Sphecidae 3. 1 Bull. Soc. Sc. nat. Maroc, 34 : 169-197 GUIGLIA, D. 1932. Spedizione scientifica all'oasi di Cufra. Imenotteri aculeati. Ann. Mus. Stor. nat. Genova, 55 : 466-486. 1939. Imenotteri aculeati del Fezzan sud occidentale e dei Tassili d' Agger. Atti Soc. ital. Sc. nat. 78 : 173-193. 1942. Gli Imenotteri della Libia (Sphecidae, Pompilidae, Scoliidae, Vespidae, Apidae). Ann. Mus. libico Stor. nat. Tripoli. 3 : 227-249. I 953- Gli Oxybelini d'ltalia. Ann. Mus. Stor. nat. Genova 66 : 55-158. HONOR^, A. M. 1944. Revue des especes egyptiennes du genre Sphex Linne. Bull. Soc. Fouad ler Ent. 28 : 45-79. KOHL, F. F. 1906. Hymenopteren. Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition der Kaiserlischen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Sudarabien un Sokotra im Jahre 1898-99. Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien. 71 : 169-301. MAIDL, F. 1924. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der . . . Expedition nach dem anglo-agypt- ischen Sudan (Kordofan) 1914. XV. Hymenoptera. E. Scoliidae et Sphegidae. Denk- schr. Ak. Wiss. Wein. 99 : 233-246. MOCHI, A. 19390. Revisione delle specie egiziane dei generi Philanthus Fab. e Nectanebus Spin. Bull. Soc. Fouad ler Ent. 23 : 86-138. 19396. Revisione delle specie egiziane del genere Stizus Latr. Ibid. 23 : 183-236. MORICE, F. D. 1897. New or little-known Sphegidae from Egypt. Trans, ent. Soc. London, 1897, 301-316. 1911. Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. The Sphegidae. Ibid. 62-135. NADIG, AD. sen. et jun. 1933. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hymenopteren von Marokko und Westalgerien. Erster Teil : Apidae, Sphegidae, Vespidae. Jahrb. Naturfosch. Ges. Grau- biindens, 71 : 37-105. RICHARDS, O. W. 1928. The species of Notogonia occuring in the Mediterranean Basin. Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1928, 357-363. ROTH, P. 1925. Les Sphex de 1'Afrique du Nord. Ann. Soc. ent. France, 94 : 365-404. 1928. Les Ammophiles de 1'Afrique du Nord. Ibid. 97 : 153-240. 1930. Hymenopteres receuillis au Sahara central par la mission scientifique du Hoggar. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. 21 : 79-86. 1934. Hymenopteres Aculeates du Sahara central. Melliferes et Vespiformes. Mem. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. 4 : 178-194. RUNGS, C. 1936. Observations sur quelques Hymenopteres du Maroc. 2e note. Bull. Soc. Sc. nat. Maroc, 16 : 15-31. SCHULTHESS, A. VON et ROTH, P. 1926. Contribution a la connaissance de la faune des Hymenopteres de 1'Afrique du Nord. 2e partie. Fossores. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Afr. N. 17 : 206-219. SCHULZ, W. A. 1904. Ein Beitrag zur Faunistik der palaarktischen Spheciden. Ent.Z. Breslau. 29 : 90 -102. VERHOEFF, P. M. F. 1948. Systematisches Verzeichnis der niederlandischen Oxybelus-Aiten, mit Beriicksichtigung mehrerer palaearktischen Arten und Rassen. Tidj. v. Ent. 89 : 158- 208. ZAVATTARI, E. 1934. Prodromo della fauna della Libia, viii + J 234 pp. 1939. Le nostre conoscenze zoologiche sulla Libia sino al 1938. Ann. Mus. libico Stor. nat. Tripoli. 1 : 55-88. N.B. Les travaux de Zavattari (1934) e ^ Guiglia (1942) comprenennt une bibliographic complete sur les Hymenopteres de la Libye. SPHECIDAE (HYM.) RfiCOLTfiS EN LIBYE ET AU TIBESTI 215 Addendum J'ai recu encore de M. Guichard quelques Sphecidae de Tripolitaine, parmi lesquels trois especes ne figuraient pas dans les envois precedents. Ammophila (Coloptera) barbara Lepeletier Tr. N. : Bugheilan, i8.iii.55, 4 $, i $. Cerceris berlandi Giner Mari Tr. N. : Bugheilan, i8.iii.55, 3 ; i. operculum ; j. ovum. CENTROCNEMINAE, A NEW SUB-FAMILY OF THE REDUVIIDAE 241 black with a pale testaceous spot sub-apically and pale testaceous tubercles ; lower surface of anterior femora, greater part of median and posterior femora suffused with piceous ; median tibiae broadly black apically and with remainder, except extreme base, brownish ; posterior tibiae black, except basally and a sub-apical annulation testaceous ; coxae and trochanters piceous ; tubercles on coxae pale testaceous. STRUCTURE. Basal segment of antennae with cylindrical tubercle on upper surface apically and shorter tubercles projecting somewhat, mostly on middle of segment ; segment 2 with a few obscure tubercles in basal half. Principal tubercles on basal rostral segment conical narrowly rounded apically. Projections on posterior margin of posterior pronotal lobe short, rounded. Connexival segments strongly granulose dorsally ; apical margin of segments thickened with a few short, outwardly directed tubercles. Carinae enclosing flattened area of abdomen ventrally obsolescent and feebly granulose. Concave part of lower surface of anterior femora with moderately abundant denticles and an ill-defined smooth area medially. ? Total length ....... 27-50 mm. Hemelytra ........ 17-50 mm. Greatest pronotal width ..... n-oo mm. SPECIMEN EXAMINED. One $ (holotype), Sarawak (no precise locality). Saunders, B.M., 6313. Holotype in British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London. OVUM (Text-fig, n, i). Cylindrical, curved on one side and almost straight on other ; chorion sub-glabrous ; chorion and operculum piceous ; differentiated portion of chorion whitish. 3-70 mm. Centrocnemis cretacea sp. n. (Text -fig. 12) COLOUR. Testaceous. Antennae piceous ; basal segment with whitish tubercles and a faint median testaceous annulation ; segment 2 brownish with whitish tubercles and apex narrowly testaceous. Basal segment of rostrum blackish with pale testaceous or whitish tubercles ; segment 2 piceous, narrowly whitish apically and with whitish tubercles ; segments 3 and 4 piceous ; segment 3 suffused with brown apically. Gula and postocular basally laterally piceous ; lower margin of juga suffused with black. Apex of tubercles adjacent to eyes, of lateral spines on collar, of discal tubercles on pronotum and of spines on lateral expansions of posterior pronotal lobe narrowly brown. Propleura suffused with black ; meso- and meta- pleura black with margins of acetabular incision narrowly testaceous. Meso- and metasternum dark testaceous. Scutellum black with basal lateral spines and an annulation at base of apical spine testaceous. Corium olivaceous with black suffusion at apex of clavus and between claval suture and Cu, and irregular pinkish white suffusion medially and apically ; apex of R pinkish yellow ; metathoracic wings violaceous. Dorsal surface of abdomen light red ; abdomen ventrally strongly 242 CENTROCNEMINAE, A NEW SUB-FAMILY OF THE REDUVIIDAE FIG. 12. Centrocnemis cretacea sp. n. A. Head and pronotum (dorsal view); B. head, pronotum and mesopleural tubercles (lateral view); c. scutellar spine (lateral view); D. hemelytron ; E. metathoracic wing ; F. connexivum (ventral view) ; G. anterior tibia ; H. ovum; i. operculum. CENTROCNEMINAE, A NEW SUB-FAMILY OF THE REDUVIIDAE 243 suffused with piceous. Tarsi black ; anterior tibiae black in apical two-thirds and with whitish spot and tubercles sub-apically ; median tibiae black, except basally and a narrow area on inner surface testaceous ; posterior tibiae broadly black apically ; remainder, except basally, brownish with pale testaceous tubercles ; coxae and trochanters piceous ; anterior coxae narrowly testaceous apically ; anterior and median femora with piceous suffusion basally ; posterior femora piceous except apex testaceous. STRUCTURE. Basal segment of antennae with very short tubercle on upper surface apically and with very short tubercles mostly medially ; segment 2 with a few obscure tubercles in basal half. Principal tubercles on basal rostral segment conical, narrowly rounded apically. Projections on posterior margin of posterior pronotal lobe short, narrowly conical. Connexival segments strongly and minutely granulose dorsally ; apical margin of segments with a few tubercles. Carinae enclosing flattened area of abdomen ventrally obsolescent. Concave part of lower surface of iterior femora with abundant denticles and with a median, parallel-sided smooth Total length . . Hemelytra Greatest pronotal width 25-00 mm. 17-50 mm. 9-00 mm. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. One $ (holotype), one $ (paratype), Java, Mount Salak, 800 m., 2.viii.i928. L. G. E. Kalshoven. Holotype in Zoologisch Museum. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, paratype in British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London. OVUM (Text-fig. 12, H). Cylindrical somewhat strongly convex on one side and feebly convex on other at opercular end ; chorion glabrous, obscurely rugulose, obscurely reticulate basally ; chorion and operculum piceous ; differentiated portion )f chorion whitish. 4 mm. Centrocnemis neglecta sp. n. (Text-fig. 13) COLOUR. Testaceous. Basal and segment 2 of antennae blackish with whitish tubercles ; basal segment also with testaceous suffusion medially. Basal segment of rostrum suffused with black ; segment 2 piceous, except inner surface basally and larrowly apically whitish ; segments 3 and 4 piceous ; segment 3 suffused with Drown apically. Gula dark brown ; extreme base of postocular laterally and ven- trally shining piceous ; lower part of juga with black suffusion ; postocular laterally with brown suffusion. Posterior lobe of pronotum with greyish areas ; lateral spines on collar and discal tubercles on anterior pronotal lobe brown apically. Propleura with faint blackish suffusion ; meso- and metapleura piceous with obscure testaceous suff- usion. Scutellum black ; basal lateral spines, tubercles, an annulation at base of apical spine, apex of spine, testaceous. Meso- and metasternum suffused with piceous ; median carina testaceous. Corium olivaceous with blackish suffusion and with a 244 CENTROCNEMINAE, A NEW SUB-FAMILY OF THE REDUVIIDAE FIG. 13. Centrocnemis neglecta sp. n. A. Head and pronotum (dorsal view) ; B. head, pronotum and mesopleural tubercles (lateral view); c. scutellar spine (lateral view); D. hemelytron ; E. metathoracic wing ; F. connexivum( ventral view); G. anterior tibia; H. apex of abdomen, ; i. ovum ; j. operculum. CENTROCNEMINAE, A NEW SUB-FAMILY OF THE REDUVIIDAE 245 suffused spot apically and apex of vein R greenish white ; membrane dark greyish with fuscous and pale grey spots ; metathoracic wings violaceous. Connexivum pale testaceous with piceous suffusion ; abdomen ventrally dark yellowish with piceous suffusion. Tarsi black ; anterior tibiae with anterior two-thirds black and pale testaceous tubercles on outer surface sub-apically ; median tibiae with apex broadly black and a wide blackish suffusion on outer surface medially ; posterior tibiae black, except basally ; anterior femora with concave part of lower surface piceous ; median femora strongly suffused with piceous, except on inner surface ; posterior femora suffused with piceous in a little more than half basally ; coxae and trochanters piceous, the anterior pair of the former with testaceous suffusion. STRUCTURE. Longer tubercles on basal antennal segment moderately prominent. Principal tubercles on basal rostral segment conical narrowly rounded apically. Projections on posterior margin of posterior pronotal lobe short, broadly rounded, tuberculate. Connexival segments dorsally with abundant granules ; apical margin of segments with a few outwardly directed, short, rounded tubercles of varied sizes. Carinae enclosing flattened area of abdomen ventrally obsolescent. Concave part of lower surface of anterior femora with abundant denticles and a distinct, parallel- sided median smooth area. 9 Total length ....... 28-50 mm. Hemelytra ........ 19-00 mm. Greatest pronotal width . . . . .12-00 mm. SPECIMEN EXAMINED. One $ (holotype), Borneo, Kina Balu (coll. Breddin). Holotype in Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin, Germany. OVUM (Text-fig. 13, i). Cylindrical, considerably narrower at opercular end. Chorion sub-glabrous; piceous ; operculum dark testaceous with carinae piceous ; differentiated portion of chorion whitish. 3-60 mm. Neocentrocnemis gen. nov. Basal segment of antennae shorter than anteocular ; segment 2 much longer than basal segment. Anteocular considerably shorter than postocular. Segment 2 of rostrum somewhat thick, sub-equal in length to segments 3 and 4 together. Connexival segments with a variable number of spines at external apical angle. Anterior tibiae simple ; anterior and median tibiae with a fossula spongiosa. Scutellum with an erect spine apically. Metathoracic wings infumate. Type Species Centrocnemis signoreti Stal Key to Neocentrocnemis species (males) i. External apical angle of connexival segments 2 and 3 with 2 spines ; segments 4-6 with i spine ............ 2. -. External apical angle of connexival segments 2-6 with 2 spines . . . . ,7. 246 CENTROCNEMINAE, A NEW SUB-FAMILY OF THE REDUVIIDAE 2. Posterior lobe of pronotum with distinct transverse carinae . . stali (Renter). -. Posterior lobe of pronotum without distinct carinae . . . . . . 3. 3. External apical spine on connexival segments acutely triangular, somewhat broad signoreti (Stal). -. External apical spine on connexival segments acutely triangular, very narrow . 4. 4. Corium dark brown with white spotted, black venation . . fuscipennis sp. n. -. Corium greyish with white venation . . . . . . . . . 5. 5. Spines at lateral angle of collar slender, acute . . . formosana (Matsumura). -. Spines at lateral angle of collar thick, conical . . . . . . . 6. 6. Anterior pronotal tubercles conical, tuberculate around base. . . roepkei (Miller). -. Anterior pronotal tubercles cylindrical without tubercles around base palawanica sp. n. 7. Connexival spines very long, slender ; scutellar spine moderately thick, oblique, acute apically ........ philippinensis (Distant). -. Connexival segments moderately long, very slender ; scutellar spine sub-vertical, acute apically ......... semiarmata sp. n. Key to Neocentrocnemis species (females). 1 . External apical angle of connexival segments 2 and 3 with 2 spines ; segments 4-7 with i spine ........... 2. -. External apical angle of connexival segments 2-6 with 2 spines ; segment 7 with i spine ............. 10. 2. Spine at external apical angle of connexival segments 4-6 very broadly triangular, somewhat rounded apically ; spine on segment 7 lobate . kinabuluensis sub. sp. n. -. Spine at external apical angle of connexival segments 4-6 not broadly triangular ; spine on segment 7 not lobate . . . . . . . . . 3. 3. Tubercles on corium rounded, distinct and relatively few . . . signoreti (Stal). -. Tubercles on corium conical, abundant . . . . . . . .4. 4. Scutellar spine short, erect, narrowly conical ..... elliptica sp. n. -. Scutellar spine short, erect, broadly conical . . . . . . . 5. 5. Discal tubercles on anterior pronotal lobe narrowly conical, feebly tuberculate basally posteriorly ........ palawanica sp. n. -. Discal tubercles on anterior pronotal lobe cylindrical, strongly tuberculate basally posteriorly ............. 6. 6. Discal tubercles on posterior pronotal lobe very short ...... 7. -. Discal tubercles on posterior pronotal lobe moderately long, narrowly conical . . 9. 7. Anterior lobe of pronotum with two short conical tubercles in front of discal tubercles roepkei (Miller). -. Anterior lobe of pronotum with two moderately long tubercles in front of discal tubercles ............ 8. 8. Lateral margins of anterior pronotal lobe somewhat obscurely tuberculate fuscipennis sp. n. -. Lateral margins of anterior pronotal lobe with short conical tubercles formosana (Matsumura). 9. Transverse carinae on posterior pronotal lobe distinct . . . stali (Reuter). -. Transverse carinae on posterior pronotal lobe not distinct . . . celebensis sp. n. 10. Veins of corium with abundant, very narrowly conical tubercles . macgillavryi sp. n. . Veins of corium with sparse very narrowly conical tubercles . . . . n. n. Spines on head and connexivum very long .... philippinensis (Distant). . Spines on head and connexivum relatively shorter . . .' . . . 12. 12. Lateral spines on collar, apical scutellar spine long, slender acute . . semiarmata sp. n. . Lateral spines on collar conical ; apical scutellar spine short, acute . . impavida sp. n. CENTROCNEMINAE, A NEW SUB-FAMILY OF THE REDUVIIDAE 247 Neocentrocnemis signoreti (Stal) (Text-fig. 14) 1863, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 48. COLOUR. Pale testaceous. Segment 2 of antennae brown, very narrowly test- aceous basally. Confluent spots on anterior and posterior pronotal lobe, apex of discal tubercles, apex of lateral expansions, confluent spots on propleura, black. Abdomen ventrally mainly black ; intermediate spines on segment 2 of connexivum black. Corium very pale testaceous with strong black suffusion ; tubercles very pale testaceous ; membrane brown with whitish confluent spots and fuscous suffusion basally ; metathoracic wings infumate ; venation darker ; vein M mostly yellow suffused with light red apically. Tarsi black with testaceous suffusion on segment 2 apically and segment 3 basally ; tibiae with apex and a wide median annulation black ; anterior femora with faint brownish suffusion basally ; median femora black with base, apex and a median suffusion testaceous. STRUCTURE. Principal tubercles on basal rostral segment trapeziform with apical angles rounded. Projections on posterior margin of posterior pronotal lobe obsoles- cent, rounded. Carinae enclosing flattened area of abdomen ventrally obsolescent ; (in male distinct and granulose on segment 3, less distinct on other segments). Thous. Ins. Japan, Addit. I, 161. COLOUR. Dark testaceous. Head, pronotum and scutellum with blackish suf- fusion ; base of gula piceous. Segment 2 of rostrum with a black spot submedially ; segment 3 strongly suffused with piceous. Pleura, meso- and metasternum strongly suffused with piceous. Segments 2 and 3 of abdomen ventrally almost entirely piceous ; segments 4-6 with a triangular spot mid- ventrally ; apical margin and suffusion sub-laterally piceous ; segment 7 with a median spot basally piceous and remainder almost entirely piceous. Apical segment of tarsi black in apical half ; anterior and median tibiae with a median and apical black annulation ; posterior tibiae apically and remainder with suffusion, black. Corium with very fine black maculation ; veins whitish ; membrane with black suffusion and spots ; meta- thoracic wings faintly infumate. In .the male the dark areas of the corium are more intense, also the spots on the membrane. STRUCTURE. Principal tubercles on basal rostral segment rounded, truncate. Anterior lobe of pronotum sparsely tuberculate, the tubercles grouped more or less in rows ; sub-dorsal carinae on posterior lobe very distinct, tuberculate. Projections on posterior margin of posterior pronotal lobe short, narrowly rounded. Carinae enclosing flattened area of abdomen ventrally feeble on segment 3, obsolescent on other segments. 3 ? Total length .... 19-00 mm. . 20-50 mm. Hemelytra .... 12-00 mm. . 12-00 mm. Greatest pronotal length . . 7-00 mm. . 7-00 mm. 252 CENTROCNEMINAE, A NEW SUB-FAMILY OF THE REDUVIIDAE SPECIMENS EXAMINED. One $ (holotype), Formosa, Arikan, 1909, Matsumura ; i <$, Kuraru, (Takao-shii), viii.1932, T. Tsida ; i , Malaya, Gunong Tahan, Pahang, 2,500-3,500 ft., May, July, 1906, H. C. Robin- son (B.M., 1907-48). Holotype in Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden. OVUM (Text-fig. 30, j). Cylindrical, narrower and somewhat curved at opercular end ; chorion glabrous ; chorion and opercular elevated area brown ; operculum testaceous ; differentiated portion of chorion whitish. 2-50 mm. FIG. 30. Centrocnemoides granulosa (Stal) gen. n. A. Head and pronotum (dorsal view); B. head, pronotum and mesopleural tubercles (lateral view); c. scutellar spine (lateral view); D. hemelytron; E. metathoracic wing; F. connexivum (ventral view); G. apex of abdomen, &) with short but distinct anal point, IXth tergite hairy, coxite with small inner lobe near apex, styles slightly thicker basally, narrow at apex. Female. Wing length 3-4 mm. Similar to male, abdomen rather browner, antennae with last segment hardly longer than preceding one. Holotype in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. KENYA: 2 <$, Aberdare Range, Nyeri Track, 10,500 ft. x.34 (F. W. Edwards] (type locality). UGANDA : i $, Kigezi Distr., Mt. Muhavura, 10-12,000 ft., vii.52 (D. S. Fletcher}. BELGIAN CONGO : i <$, Pare National Albert, Nyiragongo, limit of vegetation, 3,000 metres, 1933 (de Wulf). Metriocnemus fletcheri sp. n. An all black species readily distinguished from the previous ones by the absence of acrostichal bristles, the prominent anal lobe to the wing, the reduced wing macro- trichia and by the hairy anal point of the male. Male. Wing length 2-5 mm. Head, mouthparts, antennae and plumes black ; A.R. about 2-0, eyes bare and without dorsal narrow portion. Thorax completely black, rather shining and slightly 298 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE pruinose ; dorso-central bristles long, black and uniserial, acrostichals appear to be absent. Legs dark brown or blackish, anterior L.R. 0-75, posterior 0-6. Wings yellowish basally, anal lobe prominent (Text-fig. 2, b), venation not unlike wittei, posterior fork rather shorter ; macrotrichia black and reduced in number, present only at apices of cells R 5 and M lf and at extreme tip of fork cell ; halteres blackish. Abdomen black and with black hairs ; hypopygium (Text-fig. 3, d) differing from the other species not only in the presence of a definite coxite lobe and in the shape of the style, but also because the main area of the ninth tergite is bare, whilst the long anal point is hairy. Female not known. Holotype male and 2 male paratypes, UGANDA : Ruwenzori Range, Mahoma River, 6,700 ft., viii.52 (D. S. Fletcher). TANGANYIKA : 8 <#, Amani iv.ig55 (M. T. Gillies). Holotype and all paratypes in British Museum. Metriocnemus conicus Freeman Metriocnemus conicus Freeman, 1955, Explor. Pare Nat. Albert, Miss, de Witte, fasc. 83, 8. A large and distinctive blackish species, distinguished from the other black species by the separate scutal stripes. Wings densely clothed with macrotrichia over whole surface, R 4+5 and costa longer than usual, anal point probably broken in the unique specimen. Male. Wing length 3-0 mm. Head brownish black, eyes bare, without dorsal narrow portion, vertex with tufts of scale-like hairs of a golden brown colour ; antennal plumes dark, A.R. about 1-8. Thorax mainly black ; mesonotal stripes dull blackish and separated ; shoulders, lines of bristles, lateral margins, apex of scutellum, pleural membrane, wing bases and prothorax, yellowish and pruinose. Acrostichal bristles golden brown, uniserial ; dorso-centrals also golden brown, irregularly biserial and tending to disappear on the shoulders. Legs dark brown, anterior L.R. about 0-75, posterior tarsi missing, pulvilli and empodium both absent. Wings with membrane thickly clothed with macrotrichia which are numerous in cell Mj right to the wing base ; venation not unlike wittei but costa longer and R 4+5 ending well beyond M 4 , Cu x not bent, anal vein passing fork ; stem vein and squama abraded, but both probably hairy. Halteres yellow, stem slightly brownish. Abdomen black, with some pruinosity along the mid- dorsal line and at the incisures ; hairs pale. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 3, c) apparently lacking anal point, but this is probably broken off ; IXth tergite hairy and conical, inner lobe of coxite hardly developed, style fairly thick and with a small apical spine. Holotype male in collections of Institut des Pares Nationaux du Congo Beige, type locality, BELGIAN CONGO : Ruanda, Sabinyo (Vole.), Vail. Rwebeya, 3,000 m., ix.34 (G. F. de Witte). No other specimens known. Metriocnemus scotti Freeman Metriocnemus scotti Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 129. This is the most widely distributed of the African species and seems to belong to Edwards' Group E. It is a medium-sized brown species with separate scutal stripes, A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 299 FIG. 3. Male hypopygia of Metriocnemus. (a) M. wittei ; (b) M. canus ; (c) M. conicus ; (d) M. fletcheri ; (e) M. scotti ; (/) M. capensis ; (g) M. fordi. 300 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE eyes of male with dorsal narrow portion, anal point hairy. Distinguished from dewulfi by the longer costa and greater number of macrotrichia on the wing. Male. Wing length 1-75-2-0 mm. Head yellow or brown, mouthparts darker, pedicel dark brown, A.R. about o-8-i-o, antenna with about 10 curly hairs at apex, eyes with dorsal narrow portion. Thorax with yellow ground colour; mesonotal stripes separate, brown, central one more or less divided, intervening spaces and shoulders pruinose ; scutellum yellowish, postnotum and sternopleuron brown. Legs yellowish brown, unmarked and hairy ; L.R. 0-75, of posterior legs 0-6 ; pulvilli absent. Wings hyaline, macrotrichia present quite thickly over most of the surface, absent for a narrow tract along each vein, so that in the basal half of the posterior fork there is only a single row ; venation as in Text- fig. 2, c, posterior fork directly below r-m, Cu with a double bend. Halteres pale. Abdomen brown ; hypopygium as in Text-fig. 3, e, similar to that of dewulfi, anal point hairy, IXth tergite bare, coxite lobe prominent. Female. Resembles male ; wing hairs denser, so that basal half of posterior fork has two or three rows. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. ABYSSINIA: i ^, i $, Dessie, xii. 35-1.36 (/. W. S. Macfie). KENYA: i <, Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 8,000 ft., x.34 (F. W. Edwards). UGANDA : i <$, Ruwenzori Range, Kilembe, 4,500 ft., xii. 34-1. 35 (F. W. Edwards). N. RHODESIA : i <, Chilanga, vii. 1913. NATAL : i g, 2 ?, Tugela River, Drakensberg, 5,000 ft. (A. D. Harrison). CAPE PROVINCE : various specimens from Kirstenbosch (type locality), Platteklip Gorge and Assegaibos (K. M. F. Scott). Metriocnemus dewulfi Goetghebuer Metriocnemus dewulfi Goetghebuer, 1936, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 28, 491 ; Freeman, 1955, Explor. Pare. Nat. Albert, Miss, de Witte, fasc. 83, 8. This species resembles scotti in the male hypopygium and in colour, but it is clearly distinct because of the retracted costa, reduced wing macrotrichia and shorter narrow part of the eye of the male ; also it is smaller. It appears on some characters to fall into Edwards' Group D, but on others into Group E. Male. Wing length 1-25 mm. Head and mouthparts brown ; antennae dark brown, A.R. about i-o, apex of antenna with about 4 long curled hairs. Thorax yellowish with separate brown stripes, postnotum and sternopleuron brown ; acrostichal hairs present, dorso- centrals more or less uniserial. Legs brown, anterior L.R. 0-8, posterior 0-65, empodium present, pulvilli absent. Wings (Text-fig. 2, d) somewhat cuneiform, costa retracted, R 4+5 ending well before level of tip of M 3+4 ; macrotrichia reduced, hardly present in basal half of wing except in anal cell, a few sometimes in cell M. Squama fringed, halteres yellow. Abdomen brown, hypopygium apparently identical to that of scotti (Text-fig. 3, e). Female. Resembles male, but costa longer and wings more densely clothed with macrotrichia, extending into basal half ; best separated from scotti by its smaller size. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 301 I have seen the holotype, which is a male in Musee Royal du Congo Beige, Tervuren. DISTRIBUTION. Type locality BELGIAN CONGO : Rutshuru ; besides the type I have seen 7 , 3 $, Rutshuru, 1285 m., xii.33 and 2 $, i $, i.34 (G. F. de Witte}. NATAL : i <, Mooi River, Keate's Drift, X.IQ54 (W. D. Oliff). TRANSVAAL : 2 $, nr. Johannesburg, iv. 1955 (A. D. Harrison). S. RHODESIA : i <^, Salisbury, ix-x. 1954 (E. T. M. Reid). Metriocnemus capensis Freeman Metriocnemus capensis Freeman, 1954, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 23, 173. A small species, male blackish, female yellowish brown ; acrostichal bristles absent, eyes lacking dorsal narrow portion in male ; A.R. only 0-25, L.R. about i-o, costa strongly produced, squama fringed. This species falls best into Edwards' Group E. Male. Wing length 1-4 mm. Head, mouthparts and antennae blackish, eyes bare, without dorsal narrow portion, last antennal segment short, so that A.R. only about 0-25, apex with short hairs only. Thorax entirely blackish brown, slightly pruinose, acrostichal bristles absent, dorso-centrals biserial. Legs brown, L.R. of front pair practically i-o, of hind pair 0-6, pulvilli absent, empodium well developed. Wings with a brownish tinge, clothed over most of the surface with macrotrichia which are absent only from the anterior part of the basal third ; costa strongly produced, reaching half-way to M, R 2+3 ending about midway between R t and R 4+5 , the latter ending aboue M 3+4 (Text-fig. 2, e) ; stem vein and squama each with a single hair. Halteres pale. Abdo- men dark brown, hypopygium (Text-fig. 3, /) with extremely short anal point, coxite lobe moderately developed. Female. Much paler than male, yellowish brown, scutal stripes sometimes only vaguely indicated, wing macrotrichia denser, costa rather longer, squama with 1-2 hairs. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type series, CAPE PROVINCE : Berg River, Assegaibos, vii.1952, v.ig53 and viii.1953 (K. M. F. Scott). Metriocnemus fordi sp. n. A medium-sized species, blackish brown in colour, wings of male with macro- trichia on the apical half and in the anal cell. Thoracic stripes fused, acrostichal bristles absent, costa strongly produced, anal lobe absent, squama fringed ; anal point bare, eyes without narrow dorsal portions. Resembles capensis most closely, but easily distinguished from it and from other species by the long bare anal point. This species does not fit easily into any of Edwards' groups. In his key it runs into Group E, but cannot be placed here because the eyes are reniform ; it is precluded from Group F by the presence of a squamal fringe. Male. Wing length 1-8-2-0 mm. Head dark brown, eyes bare and reniform, palpi yellowish, antennal pedicel dark brown, flagellum and plumes paler, A.R. varying from 0-75 to i-o. Thorax blackish ENTOM. 4, 7. 19 302 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE brown, acrostichal bristles absent, dorso-centrals present, pale and biserial ; thorax pruinose along the hair lines. Legs pale brown, L.R. of anterior legs 0-9, of posterior legs 0-6, pulvilli absent, empodium well developed. Wings (Text-fig. 2, f) with macrotrichia on apical half of wing and in the anal cell only, squama with partial fringe, anal lobe reduced, but not as small as in capensis ; venation very similar to capensis, costa strongly produced, posterior fork well distal to crossvein. Abdomen dark brown ; hypopygium (Text-fig. 3, g) quite characteristic, anal point long and bare, ninth tergite slightly emarginate apically and with some hairs, coxite lobe more or less bilobed, styles narrow and with two projections near apex. Female not known. Holotype male and 9 <$ paratypes, UGANDA : Kigezi Province, summit of Mt. Sabinio, 11-11,500 ft., xi.i934 (/. Ford) all in British Museum. Metriocnemus benoiti sp. n. As explained under Limnophyes, Goetghebuer described his species L. brevis from a mixed series which included specimens of a species of Metriocnemus. This is a small species not unlike a number of others, but by far the closest to M. mahensis Kieffer from Seychelles, which it resembles in the wings of the female and in the bare squama. The male is not unlike dewulfi and has similar genitalia, but the macro- trichia are greatly reduced and the apex of the antenna lacks long curled hairs. It is distinguished from mahensis by the slightly narrower posterior fork and the fewer macrotrichia on the wing. I am naming this species in honour of Dr. P. L. G. Benoit, who has given me so much help with the types of Goetghebuer's species. It falls into Group F of Edwards' classification. Male. Wing length i-i mm. Head, mouthparts and antennae brown, A.R. 0-75, antennae with short hairs at apex, no long curled ones present ; head of type sunken and eye shape difficult to see, but dorsal narrow portion probably absent. Thorax dark brown with some pruinosity along lines of dorso-central hairs ; shoulders and upper parts of pleura yellow, stripes fused ; acrostichal hairs cannot be seen. Legs yellowish brown, anterior L.R. 0-8, posterior 0-65, empodium present, pulvilli absent, Wings in shape and venation similar tofordi (Text-fig. 2,/), but costa only produced for about half the distance ; squama bare, membrane with greatly reduced macrotrichia which are present only at extreme apex and as a central line in apical half of cell R 5 . Halteres brown. Abdomen blackish, hypopygium similar to scotti and dewulfi (Text-fig. 3, e). Female with scutal stripes partially separated, lines of bristles pruinose, wings with denser macrotrichia than male but fewer than mahensis. Macrotrichia more or less in lines reaching nearly to wing base, leaving bare lines along the veins, none nearer anterior margin than the greatly produced apex of the costa, well distributed in anal cell ; venation very similar to fordi, posterior fork distinctly narrower than in mahensis. Holotype male and paratype one female, BELGIAN CONGO : Kisantu, 1937 (de Wulf), both in Musee Royal du Congo Beige. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 303 Metriocnemus mahensis Kieffer Metriocnemus mahensis Kieffer, 1911, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. (Zool.) 14, 360. This species was described from two females closely resembling the female of M. benoiti. Thorax more uniformly brown, stripes not separated, though pruinose along lines of dorso-central bristles ; squamal hairs absent, macrotrichia leaving well marked bare lines along the veins, but reaching clearly anterior to tip of costa ; posterior fork slightly but distinctly wider than in benoiti, Cu x more sharply bent. In the absence of males it is difficult to be more precise. The bare squama places it in group F of Edwards' classification. One type female in British Museum, SEYCHELLES : Mahe, Cascade Estate, 800- 1,500 ft. Genus CRICOTOPUS van der Wulp Cricotopus van der Wulp, 1874, Tijdschr. Ent. 17, 132 ; Edwards, 1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 77, 317 ; Goetghebuer, 1934, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 25, 200 (in part) ; Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 130. Trichocladius Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. France 92, 182 (in part). Eyes densely pubescent ; humeral pits small ; dorso-central hairs minute and decumbent, the punctures from which they arise scarcely visible under a binocular microscope ; abdomen often with yellow markings, hypopygium and cerci of female often white ; hypopygium lacking anal point ; tibiae, especially the anterior pair, often with a broad white ring ; wings without visible microtrichia ; squama fringed. As denned above (following Edwards, 1929) this is a distinctive and easily defined genus, although the South American genus Stictocladius Edwards suggests that Cricotopus and Trichocladius are not really very widely separated. Goetghebuer and Kieffer seemed not always able to distinguish the two genera and their Cricotopus and Trichocladius contain a mixture of the two. Kieffer described six African species in Trichocladius. Four of these seem to be Cricotopus ; one (T. guineensis) is unrecognizable, but may be Cricotopus ; the sixth, T. albiclava, has microtrichia on its wings and may belong to neither genus. I have seen the type series of one of his species only. Goetghebuer described five species (including a variety of the Palaearctic species bicinctus] in the genus Cricotopus. Two of these, cereofasciatus and dewulfi belong to Trichocladius. I have seen the types of all his species. I am recognizing 17 African species, seven of them new. They fall into two groups depending on the presence or absence of a white ring on the anterior tibia. In the group with the ring present, three subsidiary groups can be recognized according to the ornamentation of the abdomen, whether it is black with shining rings, or black with yellow rings, or brown and yellow. KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Cricotopus 1 . Anterior tibiae with white ring or white with black apex, or completely white . . 2 Anterior tibiae uniformly brown, without white markings . . . . . 13 2. Abdomen either entirely black or black with brilliant steely blue bands ... 3 Abdomen with yellow or leaden yellow markings ...... 6 30 4 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 3. Legs mainly yellow, knees black ...... rodriguensis Edwards Legs black except for white ring on at least front tibiae ..... 4 4. White ring on front tibia only . . . . . . . 5 White rings on front and middle tibiae ...... harrisoni sp. n. 5. Abdomen black, without shining bands ...... atriclava Kieffer Abdomen with steely shining bands ..... kisantuensis Goetghebuer 6. Abdomen black and yellow or black and leaden yellow ; thoracic stripes usually black and fused at least in the male (c.f. dibalteatus sp.n.). .... 7 Abdomen brown and yellow, thoracic stripes brown and separate . . . . n 7. Anterior tibiae white with only the tip black ....... 8 Anterior tibiae white with tip and base black ....... 9 8. Yellow markings on segments 1,2, 3, 4 . . . . . pictiventris Kieffer Yellow markings on segments i, 4, 7 . . . . . tricinctellus Goetghebuer 9. Yellow markings on both segments 4 and 5 .... flavozonatus Freeman Yellow or leaden markings on segment 4, segment 5 black . . . . . 10 10. Posterior tibia white with dark tip ; anterior tibia with apical black band about twice as long as basal ; abdominal bands leaden yellow ; thoracic stripes fused albitibia Walker Posterior tibiae brown ; anterior tibiae with basal and apical dark markings equal ; abdominal bands clear yellow ; thoracic stripes brownish black, may be partially separated ........... bizonatus sp. n. 11. Anterior tibia entirely white ; wing of male more or less cuneiform, anal angle not developed ; species from Seychelles ..... quadrifasciatus Kieffer Anterior tibia with black tip ; anal angle right-angled in male . . . . 12 12. Abdominal segments 5-9 brown ; all tibiae white with dark tips . . sudanicus sp. n. Abdominal segments 6 and 7 mainly yellow ; only anterior tibia white with dark tip . . . . . . . . . . . meilloni sp. n. 13. Abdomen with leaden or yellow markings . . . . . . . . 14 Abdomen without any markings ......... 15 14. Abdomen with segments i, 4 and 7 yellow ...... verbekei sp. n. Abdomen with leaden markings on segments i, 2 and 5 . . dibalteatus sp. n. 15. Male coxite lobe obtuse, practically absent, costa distinctly produced . . scottae sp. n. Male coxite lobe more pronounced, costa hardly produced . . . . . 16 1 6. Male coxite lobe as in Text-fig. 4, h . . . . . . obscurus Freeman Male coxite lobe as in Text-fig. 4, i . . . . . bergensis Freeman Cricotopus kisantuensis Goetghebuer Cricotopus kisantuensis Goetghebuer, 1934, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 25, 200. Cricotopus fulgens Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 130 (SYN. NOV.) Black, thorax with steely blue sheen, abdomen with similar coloured bands on segments 1-4 and 6-9 ; only the anterior tibiae with a white ring, tarsi yellow, cerci of female yellow, male hypopygium black. Goetghebuer inferred in his original description of this species that the tarsi were black and that abdominal segments 8-9 had no shining bands. Examination of the type shows that the tarsi are yellowish and that bands are present on the apical segments of the abdomen ; my species therefore falls as a synonym. Male. Wing length 2-0-2-2 mm. Head dark, face paler, mouthparts brown, antennae and plumes dark, A.R. about i-o. Thorax entirely black and shining with steely blue sheen, except for the scutellum A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 305 which is matt black. Legs black, tarsi and trochanters yellow, anterior tibia with a white ring placed so that about the basal and apical thirds are black ; pulvilli practi- cally absent, L.R. about 0-6. Wings with brown veins, cross-vein rather thick, costa slightly produced, anal lobe not produced, squama fringed. Halteres black. Abdomen black with steely blue shining bands as follows : segment i wholly shining, 2 shining on basal third, 3 shining on basal half to two-thirds, 4 completely shining, 5 completely matt black, 6 and 7 shining on basal halves, 8 and 9 with basal shining bands. Hypo- pygium black, with straight and rigid inner coxite lobe (Text-fig. 4, a), style lacking inner flange. Female. Wing length 1-75-2-0 mm. Very similar to male, wing veins seamed with brown, cerci bright yellow. Holotype of kisantuensis in Musee Royal du Congo Beige, of fulgens in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION: GOLD COAST: 3 $, Senchi, 1951 (M. H. Hughes}. BELGIAN CONGO : i , Mooi River, nr. Rosetta, ix.i953 (A. D. Harrison) ; i <, Mooi River, Keate's Drift, x.1954 (W. D. Oliff). 306 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Cricotopus rodriguensis Edwards Cricotopus rodriguensis Edwards, 1923, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 12, 332. Resembles kisantuensis and harrisoni in appearance, but easily distinguished by the yellowish legs and black knees and by the pale halteres. Male. Wing length 1-8 mm. Head, antennae, mouthparts brownish black, face paler, A.R. i-o. Thorax shining black, scutellum matt black. Legs : posterior two pairs yellow darkened at the knees and at the tips of the tibiae ; front pair with femora yellow, broadly dark at the apex, tibiae dark with white ring as in kisantuensis, tarsi dark ; white ring indicated but not conspicuous on middle tibiae ; L.R. 0-6, small pulvilli just discernible. Wings similar to kisantuensis ; halteres yellow. Abdomen black, with steely blue bands on segments 1-4 as in kisantuensis, segments 5, 6, 8 matt black, segment 7 mostly shining. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 4, c) with apical half of coxites and styles whitish, inner coxite lobe directed apically, style with sinuous inner margin and in the type two apical spines, a character which may not be constant. Female similar to male, cerci yellow. The original description was made from 3 <, and n $, all of which were cited as cotypes. There is one male and four females in the British Museum, I now select this male as lectotype and have marked it accordingly. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type series : RODRIGUEZ I., viii-xi.igiS (Snell and Thomasset) . Cricotopus albitibia Walker Chironomus albitibia Walker, 1848, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. 1, 16. ? Trichocladius kribiensis Kiefifer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. France 92, 184. Cricotopus bicinctus var. plumbeus Goetghebuer, 1934, Rev- Zool. Bot. Afr. 25, 201 (SYN. NOV.) Walker's type is a small male with almost entirely white tibiae to which darker apices can just be distinguished although the specimen is considerably faded. The female from Nigeria mentioned below certainly belongs here as do Goetghebuer's specimens. The South African specimens, however, are larger and darker with broader dark apices to the tibiae, but their general similarity is such that I have no hesitation in placing all in the same species. T. kribiensis is almost certainly a synonym, but as no mention is made of abdominal markings, possibly because the material was preserved in spirit, I am leaving the synonymy as a query. Although this species shows considerable resemblance to the Palaearctic species bicinctus Meigen the male styles are broader, the coxite lobe more pointed and the shoulders darker. I think it is more satisfactory to treat it as a distinct species. It can be separated from other African species with black thorax and white tibial rings by the presence of leaden rings on segments i and 4 of the abdomen. It is best separated from bizonatus by the pale posterior tibiae. Male. Wing length 1-3-2-8 mm. Head and antennae black, A.R. i-o. Thorax shining black, shoulders hardly paler, upper half of pleura brownish, scutellum slightly shining. Legs : trochanters yellow, femora black, extreme base paler ; tibiae white, tips and bases narrowly A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 307 black, apical black band about twice as wide as basal one ; anterior tibiae of S. African specimens with apical half or third black ; anterior tarsi black, others browner ; L.R. about 0-7 ; pulvilli probably absent. Wings with normal venation, costa slightly produced ; halteres yellow. Abdomen black, segment i, base of 2 and whole of 4 leaden yellow ; hypopygium yellow, coxites with pointed inner lobe, styles rather stout (Text-fig. 4, d) . Female. Similar to male, but thorax often rather paler, so that the mesonotal stripes can just be distinguished ; shoulders and upper parts of pleura yellowish, cerci white. Holotype of albitibia, a male, in the British Museum ; male cotypes of plumbeus in Musee Royal du Congo Beige ; the type of kribiensis is probably lost (locality French Cameroons, Kribi). DISTRIBUTION. SIERRA LEONE : i ^ (type of albitibia). NIGERIA : i $, Minna, xii.i954 (R. W. Crosskey). ABYSSINIA: i $, Waldia, i.i936 (/. W. S. Macfie}. UGANDA : 2 ?, Jinja, x.ig54 (P. S. Corbet}. BELGIAN CONGO : Katana, Kivu (type series of plumbeus} ; 13 $, Goma, Kivu, xii. 1952 (/. Verbeke}. NATAL : i <$, Estcourt, ix.i953 (A. D. Harrison}. CAPE PROVINCE : series of both sexes, Berg River (K. M. F. Scott}. Cricotopus bizonatus sp. n. Abdomen with segments i and 4 yellow, hypopygium white ; shoulders yellow anterior tibiae with dark tip and base equal in length, posterior tibiae brown pulvilli absent, male styles narrower than in albitibia and coxite lobe blunt. Male. Wing length 2-5 mm. Head yellow, palpi rather darker, antennae brown, A.R. i-o. Thorax shining, mesonotal stripes more or less fused and dark brown or black ; shoulders, prothorax and upper parts of pleura yellow, remainder dark brown ; scutellum dull. Legs with trochanters and bases of femora yellow, remainder of femora dark brown ; anterior tibia with a centrally placed white ring about half as long as tibia, base and apex with equal blackish bands, anterior tarsi black ; middle tibia with a white ring but basal dark band shorter than apical one, tarsi brown ; posterior tibia brown and without white ring, apex rather darker, tarsi brown ; pulvilli absent. Wings normal, anal lobe moderate, squama fringed. Halteres yellow. Abdomen very dark brown, the whole of segments i and 4 and the base of 2 yellow, hypopygium white, styles curved and of even width, inner coxite lobe blunt (Text-fig. 4, e). Female resembles male ; thoracic stripes rather more definitely separated. Holotype male, NATAL : Weenen, vi.i925 (H. P. Thomassett) in British Museum. Paratypes, NATAL: 2 <$, Mooi River, Keate's Drift, vii-viii . 1954 (W. D. Oliff}. TRANSVAAL : i ?, Witpoortjie Falls, nr. Johannesburg, xi.i954 (4. D. Harrison). Cricotopus flavozonatus Freeman Cricotopus flavozonatus Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Land. (B) 22, 131. Distinguished from other African species by the presence of yellow bands on seg- ments i, 2, 4, and 5 of abdomen. Male. Wing length 2-3-2-5 mm. 308 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Head blackish, face pale, mouthparts black, antennae black, A.R. about i-o. Thorax shining ; mesonotum mainly blackish or pitchy, the stripes fused though they can just be distinguished by their slightly darker colour ; prothorax, shoulders and mesonotal margins yellow ; pleura, scutellum and postnotum black. Legs mainly brown, bases of all femora and anterior coxae yellow ; anterior tibia with basal fifth blackish, followed by a pure white ring about one-third length of tibia, remainder dark brown ; middle tibia similar, but not so clearly defined ; posterior tibia with only a trace of a paler ring ; all tarsi brown, L.R. about 0-7, pulvilli absent. Wings not distinctly milky, anal lobe obtuse, squama fringed, halteres whitish. Abdomen black with yellow basal bands on segments i, 2, 4 and 5, claspers yellow ; yellow bands progressively wider, those at base occupy little more than one-third of segment, that on fifth occupies nearly two-thirds. Hypopygium as in Text-fig. 4,/, coxite with small process, style with inner membranous extension. Female resembles male but pale abdominal markings and leg rings may be less distinct, cerci yellow. Legs usually as in male but the paratype female has the markings obscured, although they can still be just distinguished. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION : UGANDA : i $, Ruwenzori Range, Kilembe, 4,500 ft., xii.34-i.35 (F. W. Edwards}. NATAL : i <, Weenen, vi. 1925 (H. P. Thomassett). CAPE PROVINCE: series of both sexes, including holotype and paratypes, from Berg River, iv-vi and x-xii 1952 and 1953 (K. M. F. Scott). Cricotopus tricinctellus Goetghebuer Cricotopus tricinctellus Goetghebuer, 1934, R v - Zool. Bot. Afr. 25, 201. Distinguished from the preceding species by the yellow bands being on segments i, 4 and 7, also the tibiae are white with dark tips only ; similar to verbekei sp. n., but distinguished by white tibiae. Goetghebuer described this species from two males. I have seen the only one of these that is left, in Musee Royal du Congo Beige and it is lacking the abdomen and four posterior legs. The following description is based partly on that specimen and partly on Goetghebuer's original description. Male. Wing length 1-3 mm. Antennal ratio i-o. Thorax shining, dark brown, stripes just distinguishable (Goetghebuer says that the background is yellow.) Legs with femora yellow, browner apically, all tibiae white with only extreme apices blackish, tarsi brown, L.R. 0-7, small pulvilli present. Wings normal, costa slightly produced ; halteres whitish. Abdomen black with segments i, 4, 7 entirely yellow, hypopygium white, coxite without inner lobe. Female not known. Type locality, BELGIAN CONGO, Kisantu, iv.i93i (de Wulf). Cricotopus sudanicus sp. n. Thorax yellowish with dark brown separate stripes, abdomen brown with yellow bands on segments 1-4, all tibiae white with black tips, male hypopygium white, A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 309 g FIG. 4. Male hypopygia of Cricotopus. (a) C. kisantuensis ; (b) C. harrisoni ; (c) C. rodriguensis ; (d) C. albitibia ; (e) C. bizonatus ; (/) C. flavozonatus ; (g) C. quadri- fasciatus ; (h) C. obscurus ; (i) C. bergensis ; (j) C. dibalteatus. 3 io A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE in structure very similar to C. albitibia. The description of C. pictiventris (see below) shows some similarity, but the posterior leg has the apical third dark and the thorax is uniformly brown black. Male. Wing length 1-2 mm. Head, mouthparts, antennae and plumes brown, A.R. about 0-9. Thorax yellowish brown and shining ; stripes and postnotum dark brown, stripes separate, middle one not always very distinct. Legs with yellowish brown femora darkened towards the apex ; tibiae white, tips only blackish ; tarsi yellowish brown, pulvilli absent ; L.R. 0-6. Wings with normal venation, anal angle right-angled ; halteres yellow. Abdomen brown and yellow ; segment I yellow ; 2 and 3 yellow on basal half or two-thirds, brown apically ; 4 entirely yellow, 5-9 brown, 8-9 darker than 5-7 ; hypopygium white, structure very similar to that of albitibia (Text-fig. 4, d) except that style narrower and apical spine thicker. Female not known. Holotype male, SUDAN, Wad Medani, ii.i952 (D. J. Lewis) in British Museum. Paratypes, 3 , same data as type ; i $, Khartoum, iv.i95i (D. J. Lewis), all in British Museum. Cricotopus pictiventris Kieffer Trichocladius pictiventris Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. France 92, 184. I have seen no specimens of this species, which was described from three males. The following description is taken from the original. Male. Length 2-5 mm. Colour brown-black, thorax apparently uniformly black ; trochanters and bases of femora whitish, anterior and middle tibiae pure white save for the extremities, posterior tibia white on basal third, posterior tarsi sometimes white, pulvilli short. Abdomen black and yellow ; segment i largely yellow, posterior border black ; segment 2 with anterior half yellow and posterior half black ; 3 with anterior border yellow and posteriorly with a large black spot ; 4 entirely yellow ; 5-9 black ; hypopygium pure white. Holotype probably lost. DISTRIBUTION : known only from the type series from FRENCH CAMEROONS, Kribi. Cricotopus quadrifasciatus Kieffer Trichocladius quadrifasciatus Kieffer, 1911, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. (2) Zool. 14, 360. Brown and yellow, scutal stripes separate, anterior tibiae entirely white, abdomen yellow with brown bands on segments 2, 3, 5 and 8, anal area of wings reduced. Male. Wing length 1-25 mm. Head, antennae and mouthparts brownish yellow, A.R. about i-o. Thorax shining yellowish brown with darker brown stripes, postnotum and sometimes sterno- pleuron ; stripes separate. Legs yellowish brown, anterior tibiae completely white, middle tibiae white, narrowly brown basally, more broadly so at apex, posterior tibiae yellowish brown ; L.R. 0-65. Wings unmarked, anal area reduced, almost A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 311 cuneiform, venation normal, halteres yellow. Abdomen mainly yellow and with brown bands occupying posterior halves of segments 2-3, most of 5 and 8 ; segment 6 sometimes with a dark apical band. Hypopygium white, inner coxite lobe reduced (Text-fig. 4, g). Female. Very similar to male, abdomen with larger brown bands, cerci yellow. Type series in the British Museum. DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type series, SEYCHELLES : Mahe. Cricotopus meilloni sp. n. Distinguished from C. ^-fasciatus by the absence of white markings on the middle tibiae, by the presence of a dark tip to the anterior tibia and by the better developed anal area to the wing. Distinguished from C. sudanicus by the yellow markings on segments 7-8 and by the absence of white markings on the middle tibiae. Male. Wing length 1-3 mm. Head, antennae and mouthparts brown, A.R. about i-o. Thorax yellowish with brown separate scutal stripes ; postnotum brown. Legs yellowish brown except for anterior tibiae which are white with apical quarter darkened ; small pulvilli probably present, anterior tarsi missing in the type. Wings with a distinct brownish tinge, venation normal, anal area larger than in ^-fasciatus, halteres whitish. Abdomen yellow with brown bands ; segments 2-3 brown on apical halves, 5 entirely brown, 6 brown apically, 8 entirely brown, remainder and hypopygium yellow. Hypopygium with coxite lobe rather like that of albitibia (Text-fig. 4, d) but style narrower and longer. Female not known. Holotype male, TRANSVAAL : Tzaneen, ii. 1932 (B. de Meillon) in British Museum. Cricotopus obscurus Freeman Cricotopus obscurus Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Land. (B) 22, 131. A dark species without abdominal or leg markings, separable from the following species by the structure of the male hypopygium and by the larger size. Male. Wing length 2-0 mm. Head black, mouthparts, antennae and plumes black, A.R. about i-o. Thorax shining but not brilliant, stripes black on a brown or yellowish background, shoulders and lateral margins more yellowish ; pleura yellowish above, black below ; scutellum brown, postnotum black. Legs uniformly pale brown, L.R. 0-6, pulvilli absent. Wings slightly milky, costa hardly produced, anal lobe right-angled. Halteres with dark stems and brownish knobs. Abdomen uniformly blackish ; hypopygium black, coxite with inner thumb-like process (Text-fig. 4, h), style without inner flange. Female very similar to male in colouring, femora slightly darker than the rest of the legs. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : Berg River, series of both sexes from Wellington (type locality), Ceres, Hermanus Falls, French Hoek (K. M. F. Scott). NATAL : Tugela and Mooi Rivers, series of both sexes, ix.ig53 (A. D. Harrison). 312 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Cricotopus bergensis Freeman Cricotopus angustus Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 132 nee Goetghebuer, 1927, Ann. Bull. Soc. ent. Beige 67, 52. Cricotopus bergensis Freeman, 1954, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 23, 173, nom. nov. pro. angustus. Very similar to obscurus but rather smaller and differing in the male hypopygium. Miile. Wing length 1-4 mm. Head yellowish brown, mouthparts black, A.R. about i-o. Thorax with three dark brown stripes on a yellowish ground colour, scutellum yellowish, postnotum and sternopleuron dark brown ; whole thorax slightly pruinose, not so markedly yellow as in obscurus. Legs brown, L.R. about 0-6, pulvilli absent. Wings similar to obscurus, anal lobe perhaps more obtuse. Halteres rather paler. Abdomen uniformly blackish ; hypopygium (Text-fig. 4, i) with narrow coxite with well developed inner process of a different shape from that of obscurus, style broader and lacking inner flange. Female resembles male, cerci dark. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : type series of 2 $, Berg River, Piquetberg, x-xi.52 (K. M. F. Scott). NATAL : i , Waldia, i.i936 (/. W. S. Macfie). Cricotopus scottae sp. n. Indistinguishable in colour from obscurus. Structurally differs in the male hypo- pygium which is almost as in quadrifasciatus (Text-fig. 4, g), the inner coxite lobe being obtuse, also the costa is distinctly produced. Holotype male, CAPE PROVINCE, Berg River, Wellington, 28.iv.5i (K. M. F. Scott) in British Museum. Paratypes CAPE PROVINCE ; i <$, Piquetberg, 25 . ix . 52 (K. M. F. Scott) . NATAL : i $, Tugela River, Oliviershoek Bridge, viii . 1954 (A D. Harrison). TRANSVAAL : 7 $, 2 $, Johannesburg, Olifantsvlei, v-viii.i954 and i J, in 1955 and 4 paratypes, CAPE PROVINCE : Platteklip Gorge, 27. i .53 (K. M. F. Scott) all in British Museum. Transvaal: i $, Lydenburg Dist., iv.iQ55 (A. D. Harrison). A second male from Transvaal has distinct white rings on the anterior tibiae which may be the normal condition, those with the plain tibiae being teneral. Cricotopus verbekei sp. n. Legs without white rings ; thoracic stripes brown, more or less separated, abdomen with segments i, 4 and 7 yellow. At first sight this species appears to resemble tricinctellus but it is easily distinguished by the absence of white rings on the tibiae. Male. Wing length 1-2-3 mm - Head yellowish brown, palpi darker, antennae dark brown, A.R. 0-9, eyes densely pubescent. Thorax brown or dark brown, shining ; shoulders, wing-bases, pleural membrane and prothorax yellowish ; mesonotal stripes more or less separated by yellow. Legs uniformly brown, L.R. 0-7, pulvilli absent, empodium well developed. Wings with anal lobe right-angled, costa slightly produced, venation normal, halteres yellow. Abdomen dark brown, segments i, base of 2, 4, 7 and hypopygium yellow ; incisure between 2 and 3 also pale. Hypopygium simple, coxite without inner lobe ; style with no flange, anal point absent as usual. Female very similar to male ; thorax more yellow, stripes well separated, cerci yellow. Holotype male and paratypes 2 <$, BELGIAN CONGO : Mbereze, Baie Pili-Pili ii. 1953 (/. Verbeke) in Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Paratypes in British Museum, SUDAN : 10 $, 12 $, Wau, x.1952 and i ?, Amadi, vi-vii.i954 (E. T. M. Reid). NIGERIA : 2 ?, Alzaga, i.i955 (R. W. Crosskey). Genus TRICHOCLADIUS Kieffer Trichocladius Kieffer, 1906, Mem. Soc. Sci. Brux. 30, 356; ? Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. France 92, 182 (in part) ; Edwards, 1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 77, 328 (as subgenus of Spaniotoma). Dactylocladius Kieffer, 1918, Ann. Mus. nat. Hung. 16, 81 (in part) (not Kieffer, 1906, Mem. Soc. Sci. Brux. 30, 356). Cricotopus Goetghebuer, 1934, R ev - Zool. Bot. Afr. 25, 200 (in part). Eukiefferiella Goetghebuer, 1934, Ibid. 25, 204 (not Thienemann, 1926, Arch. Hydrobiol. 17, 325). Eyes pubescent ; scutum usually shining, dorso-central bristles large and erect, humeral pits unusually large in most species ; wing membrane without macrotrichia or distinguishable microtrichia, squama with complete fringe, R 2+3 ending near mid-way between R t and R 4+5 . I am following Edwards (1929) in his use of the name Trichocladius for the hairy- eyed species with erect dorso-central bristles and large humeral pits. However, I 314 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE prefer to consider the group of generic rather than subgeneric level, as explained in the introduction to the subfamily. As mentioned under Cricotopus, four of the African species described by Kieffer in Trichocladius seem to belong to Cricotopus as used here. Two only, T. albiclava Kieffer 1923, and guineensis Kieffer 1918, may not be Cricotopus. The true genus of albiclava is in some doubt because Kieffer omits mention of the pubescent eyes, though he mentions this character for all other species ; it is probably neither Cricotopus nor Trichocladius. T. guineensis was described from a female and is unrecognizable ; the type is lost. Brief diagnoses from the original descriptions are given below. Three species described by Goetghebuer in 1934, two in Cricotopus and one in Eukiefferiella should be placed in Trichocladius. KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Trichocladius (T. albiclava and guineensis not included) 1. Pulvilli absent, anal point absent, humeral pits small or not distinct ... 2 Pulvilli present, anal point present, humeral pits large and distinct ... 3 2. Prothorax with brilliant silvery pruinosity in both sexes, mesonotal stripes fused in male ........... micans Kieffer Prothorax without silvery pruinosity, mesonotal stripes separate in male (female not known) ........... pretorianus sp. n. 3. Segment i and often 6-8 of male abdomen yellow, female unknown cereofasciatus Goetghebuer Abdomen entirely black, at least dorsally ........ 4 4. Small species, wing length i -o mm. ; thorax with strong bluish metallic sheen ; costa distinctly produced ....... metallescens Goetghebuer Larger species, wing length 1-7-2-0 mm. ; thorax shining but metallic sheen either ab- sent or only present when viewed from certain angles and then slight ; costa hardly produced .......... . capensis Freeman Trichocladius micans Kieffer Dactylocladius micans Kieffer, 1918, Ann. Mus. nat. Hung. 16, 81. Cricotopus dewulfi Goetghebuer, 1934, R gv - Zool. Bot. Afr. 25, 201 (SYN. NOV.). Trichocladius micans Freeman, 1955, South African Animal Life. Uppsala. 2, 251. Although the absence of pulvilli and anal point place this species in Edwards' Group A, the humeral pits are larger than usual though not as large as those of capensis. It is easily separated from the other African species by the strikingly silvery prothorax in both sexes, a character not mentioned by either Kieffer or Goetghebuer. Male. Wing length 1-5-1-8 mm. Head, mouthparts and antennae dark, eyes pubescent, A.R. about i-o. Thorax shining black, stripes fused, shoulders yellowish, prothorax yellowish and with distinctive silvery priunosity, humeral pits not as large as in capensis, but larger than is usual in the subfamily ; dorso-central hairs well developed. Legs : femora with basal half yellowish and apical half dark, anterior tibiae and tarsi black, other tibiae brownish, tarsi blackish, L.R. 0-6 ; pulvilli absent, empodium well developed. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 315 Wings with anal lobe slightly produced, halteres yellow. Abdomen black and with black hairs. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 5, a) without ana] point, otherwise very similar to capensis, styles sometimes yellow. Female, similar to male, antennae with 7 segments, thorax with stripes more or less fused, prothorax silvery, humeral pits smaller than in capensis, cerci may be yellow. FIG. 5. Male hypopygia of Trichocladius. (a) T. micans ; (b) T. pretorianus ; (c) T. capensis ; (d) T. metallescens ; (e) T. cereofasciatus . I have seen a cotype male, borrowed from the Hungarian National Museum, also the type series of Cricotopus dewulfi in Musee Royal du Congo Beige. **r DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : i <$, Port St. John, V.IQ24 (R. E. Turner] ; i $, i $, Outshorn, x.ig3i (A. Mackie] ; 2 ^, 2 $, Hout Bay, ii.i95i (P. Brinck). NATAL : 27 <$, 10 $, Tugela River, Mooi River, Bushman's River, ix.ig53 (A. ZX Harrison] ; i ^ cotype, New Hanover; 4 <$, 3 $, Weenen, xii.23, iv-v.24, vi.25 (H. P. Thomasset]. TRANSVAAL: i <$ cotype, Pretoria; 2 ^, Pretoria, 1954 (G. Rudebeck) ; 2 $, i $, Nelspruit, x.ig54 (^- -^- Harrison]. BELGIAN CONGO : type series of dewulfi, Kisantu, iv.i93i (de Wulf], UGANDA : 3 $, L. Victoria (W. W. 316 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Macdonald). ABYSSINIA : i <. i ?, Dessie, xii.35~i.36 (/. W. S. Macfie}. YEMEN : 2 <, San'a, 7,900 ft., ix. 37-1. 38 (C. Rathjens). Trichocladius pretorianus sp. n. Mesonotal stripes black, clearly separated, background yellow ; humeral pits not very distinct, prothorax not silvery ; pulvilli absent ; anal point absent. It falls into Edwards' Group A. Male. Wing length 1-8 mm. Head, mouthparts and antennae blackish brown, face pale ; eyes densely pubescent; A.R. about 1-2. Thorax mainly black but with yellow background colour on shoulders, along lines of dorso-central bristles, along lateral margins of mesonotum and upper parts of pleura ; stripes clearly separated, middle one extending back to scutellum. Dorso-central bristles erect and their pits clear, humeral pits not very distinct, prothorax not silvery. Legs brown, trochanters yellow, L.R. 0-6, pulvilli absent, empodium well developed. Wings with normal venation, costa not produced, anal lobe slightly poduced, halteres yellow. Abdomen black. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 5, b) without anal point, coxite with inner lobe, style with strongly developed flange. Female not known. Holotype male, TRANSVAAL : Pretoria, i6.vi.54 (A. D. Harrison], in the British Museum. ? Trichocladius albiclava Kieffer Trichocladius albiclava Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. France 92, 183. As explained above, this species is placed here in some doubt. The type is lost and the characters given by Kieffer are not sufficient for placing it accurately in a genus. No mention is made of the hairiness or otherwise of the eyes. Male. Length 2-3 mm. Brown black, palpi whitish, very long. Antennae brown, segments 1 5-13 twice as long as broad, A.R. 1-5. Halteres white ; wings finely punctate, veins brownish, costa produced for a distance equal to length of r-m ; R 4+5 ending basal to level of apex of M 3+4 , posterior fork below r-m which is perpendicular. Legs brown, tro- chanters white, L.R. 0*6, pulvilii absent, empodium as long as claws. Abdomen brownish white... last three segments and hypopygium brown. Judging by Kieffer's figure, hypopygium not unlike Cricotopus obscurus (Text-fig. 4, h). Female not known. Type locality FRENCH CAMEROONS : Kribi. ? Trichocladius guineensis Kieffer Trichocladius guineensis Kieffer, 1918, Ann. Mus. nat. Hung. 16, 84. This species was described in a paper devoted to the Chironomidae of the Hungarian National Museum, but the type which is lost did not belong to that Museum, having been sent to Kieffer separately by Professor Silvestri. Female. Length 1-5 mm. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 317 Brown black, ventrally brownish yellow ; palpi brownish ; eyes oval, pubescent ; antennae broken ; wings punctate, veins brown, costa hardly produced, posterior fork well distal to r-m cross- vein ; anterior tarsi broken, empodium equal to the claws. Type locality, FRENCH GUINEA : Mamon. Trichocladius capensis Freeman Trichocladius capensis Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 22, 133. This is a very typical species of the genus falling into Edwards' (1929) Group B. As stated in the original description there is some variation in colour. Thorax strongly shining, stripes black, more or less fused in the male, may be separated in the female ; humeral pits very large ; halteres brown ; pulvilli present. Male. Wing length 175-2-0 mm. Head black, mouthparts black, antennae and plumes black, pedicel pruinose, A.R. about i-o. Thorax brightly shining with three prominent black stripes which are usually more or less fused, the intervening areas being brown rather than black ; humeral pits large and dorso-central bristles well developed, shoulders may be yellow ; scutellum brownish, postnotum black, pleura yellowish, sternopleura black. Legs brown, paler at bases of femora, darker on tarsi and at knees, pulvilli well developed, L.R. 0-75. Wings unmarked, costa hardly produced, anal lobe not produced, right- angled, squama fringed, halteres with brownish knobs. Abdomen black, basal segments sometimes tinged with brown, especially laterally. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 5, c) with well developed hairy anal point. Female. Resembles male in general features, face paler, antennae with 6 segments, ground colour of thorax often yellow and the stripes well separated, but this is not universal and some specimens have stripes more or less fused ; cerci black. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : holotype and type series of both sexes from Berg River iv-v and xii . 1952, other specimens, vii, x and xi (K. M. F. Scott) . NATAL : i $, Scottburgh, vii. 53 (A. D. Harrison) ; i $ } i $, Estcourt, iv.54 (W. D. Oliff). TRANSVAAL : i -, Nelspruit, ix.54 (A. D. Harrison) ; i , nr. Johannesburg, Witpoortjie Falls, xi.i954 (A. D. Harrison). BELGIAN CONGO : 5 , Nylragongo, 10,000 ft. (de Wulf) ; i <$, Musosa, x . 1939 (H. J. Bredo) ; i $, Elizabeth ville, xii.1939 (H. J. Bredo). Orthocladius nigerrimus Kieffer Camptocladius nigerrimus Kieffer, 1918, Ann. Mus. nat. Hung. 16, 81. I have been able to borrow a cotype male of this species and can state that it does not belong to Camptocladius (Smittia) as now defined because of the presence of squamal hairs. Black, rather shining, posterior fork shorter than in similis, A.R. about 2-0, halteres blackish, male hypopygium very characteristic. Male. Wing length 1-25 mm. Head, mouthparts, antennae black, A.R. about 2. Thorax shining black, stripes fused. Legs dark brown, L.R. 0-4, pulvilli absent. Wings slightly brownish by transmitted light, anal lobe as in similis ; venation differs from similis (Text-fig. 9, c) by the shorter posterior fork and by the costa not being clearly produced (Kieffer says it is strongly produced, but this seems to be wrong) . Halteres blackish. A bdomen black ; hypopygium (Text-figs. 9, i, j) very characteristic ; IXth tergite with slight conical central ridge but no anal point ; coxite lobe as shown ; style rather tapered, with small apical spine which is obscured in some aspects (Text-fig. 9, j), and with a narrow transparent inner margin which is quite typical. Female small and black, very similar to the male. Antennae with 6 segments, last segment one and a half times as long as 5, segments 3-5 twice as long as wide. Described by Kieffer from two males in Hungarian National Museum. Type locality, ETHIOPIA : Sidamo. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE: i <, Mossel Bay, ii.i922 (R. E. Turner). NATAL: 5 <, Weenan, xii.i923 (H. P. Thombsset). BELGIAN CONGO: 3 (J, 2 $, Escarpment Kabasha, Chambi, x . 1933 (de Wulf) ; 3 <$, Pare. Nat Albert, cratere Mugunga (de Wulf} ; i $, N. Kivu, Kibati, x.1933 (de Wulf}. ETHIOPIA : 16 $, River Alamata, Koram road, xi.i936 (/. W. S. Macfie). 336 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Orthocladius megalochirus Kieffer Dactylocladius megalochirus Kieffer, 1911, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 14, 363. Easily distinguished from the other species by L.R. being almost i-o, by the short posterior fork and by the greatly produced costa. Male. Wing length i-o mm. Head, antennae and mouthparts blackish, A.R. 0*6. Thorax black, slightly pruinose. Legs brown, L.R. almost i-o, pulvilli absent, empodium not discernible in the holotype. Wings (Text-fig. 9, d) with characteristic venation, posterior fork being short and wide and the costa greatly produced, anal angle reduced, squama with two hairs ; halteres pale. Abdomen black ; hypopygium (Text-fig. 9, k) with bare thorn-like anal point which stands more or less vertically, coxite lobe well developed, style narrow. Female not known. Known only from the holotype male in the British Museum, Seychelles : Mahe, top of Mt. Sebert, 1,800 ft. Orthocladius pretorianus Kieffer Camptocladius pretorianus Kieffer, 1918, Ann. Mus. nat. Hung. 16, 80. I borrowed a cotype male of this species from the Hungarian National Museum but found that it lacked antennae, most of the legs and the hypopygium. Also the wings were folded and the venation difficult to see. It is a small black fly with shining mesonotum and pale halteres ; wing membrane without distinguishable microtrichia,, squama with two hairs. In the original description Kieffer states that A.R. is 1-5, L.R. 2-0 and that the costa is not produced. Type locality, TRANSVAAL : Pretoria. ? Orthocladius alpinus Kieffer Psectrocladius alpinus Kieffer, 1913, Voy. Alluaud Jeannel Afr. Or. Ins. Dipt. 1, 29. Although I have seen the type female of this species in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, I was unable to examine it in as much detail as I would have liked and I am unable to place it accurately in a genus. It is clearly not Psectrocladius as now defined. I am placing it in Orthocladius until a more detailed examination can be made. Female. Length 2 mm. Clear yellow, thoracic markings and most of upper parts of abdomen brown black ; eyes bare ; antennae with six segments, 6 a little longer than 5 ; wings punctate, without distinguishable microtrichia, costa strongly produced, posterior fork distal to cross-vein ; L.R. 0-5, narrow pulvilli present. Type locality, KENYA : heath zone, 10-12,000 ft., i.i9i2. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHI RONOMID AE 337 ? Orthocladius lacustris Kieffer Dactylocladius lacustris Kieffer, 1913, Voy. Alluaud Jeannel Afr. Or. Ins. Dipt. I, 30. The type specimen of this species was not marked by Kieffer and I was uncertain which specimen was truly the type. Female. Length 1-5 mm. Brown black, halteres pale ; antennae 6 segmented, 6 nearly twice as long as 5 ; wings punctate, cross-vein oblique, costa strongly produced, posterior fork distal to cross- vein ; L.R. 2. Type female in Museum National d'Histoire Naturalle, Paris ; locality, KENYA : Naivasha, on the shore of the lake, 6,000 ft., xi ? Orthocladius sancti-benedicti Kieffer Dactylocladius sancti-benedicti Kieffer, 1913, Voy. Alluaud Jeannel Afr. Or. Ins. Dipt. 1, 30. I have seen the type series of this species but was unable to examine them closely enough to permit accurate placing in a genus. Length : male 3 mm., female 2-5 mm. Male entirely brown black, female greenish with brown antennae and legs ; A.R. nearly 2 ; female antennae 7 segmented, segments 3-6 subcylindrical, 7 twice as long as 6 ; wings punctate, costa well produced, posterior fork a little distal to cross- vein ; L.R. 0-7, pulvilli absent ; coxite lobe as wide as long, styles curved, extremity incurved. Type series in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, in spirit. Locality, KENYA : Forest of Nairobi, Kyambu, 5,300 ft., xi.igu. ? Orthocladius kinangopi Kieffer Dactylocladius kinangopi Kieffer, 1913, Voy. Alluaud Jeannel Afr. Or. Ins. Dipt. 1, 31. I have seen the female type of this species but was unable to examine it in sufficient detail to place it accurately in a genus. ' Female. Length 2 mm. Yellowish, antennae, and transverse ventral bands on abdominal segments brown, thoracic markings black brown, legs brownish ; antennae 7 segmented, segments 2 and 3 equal and cylindrical, 4 and 5 longer, narrower in apical third, 6 subcylindrical only half as long as 5, 7 twice as long as 6 ; wings punctate, costa produced, posterior fork distal to cross- vein ; L.R. 2. Type female in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Type locality, KENYA : Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 8,500 ft., ii.i9i2. ? Orthocladius nilicola Kieffer Dactylocladius nilicola Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. France 92, 182. The type of this species is lost and I am very doubtful of the genus to which it should be assigned. The following is a summary of the characters given by Kieffer. Female. Length i-o mm. 338 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Brown ; eyes bare ; antennae 6-segmented, yellow, pedicel brown, segment 2 as long as 3, 3-5 elongated, gradually contracted apically, 6 two and a half times as long as 5 ; wings finely punctate, the punctures almost setiform ; r-m cross- vein not formed, as in Tanytarsus ; costa greatly produced, for as much as one-third length of R 4+5 , posterior fork distal to cross-vein ; L.R. 2, empodium longer than the claws ; abdomen with the posterior edge of the tergites paler. Type locality, SUDAN : Shambe, ii . 1912. Genus NANOCLADIUS Kieffer Nanocladius Kieffer, 1913, Voy. Alluaud Jeannel Afr. Or. Ins. Dipt. 1, 31 ; Freeman, 1954, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 23, 175. Eukiefferiella Thienemann, 1926, Arch. Hydrobiol. 17, 325 ; Edwards, 1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 77, 350 ; Goetghebuer, 1944, in Lindner, Flieg. Pal. Reg. 3, 114. Microcricotopus Thienemann and Harnisch, 1932, Zool. Am. 99, 137. Akiefferiella Thienemann, 1936, Stettin, ent. Ztg. 97, 43. Parakiefferiella Thienemann, 1936, Ibid. 97, 43. Camptokiefferiella Goetghebuer, 1944, in Lindner, Flieg. Pal. Reg. 3, 122 (as subg. of Eukiefferi- ella). Eyes bare or pubescent ; squama with incomplete fringe or bare ; wings without distinguishable microtrichia or macrotrichia ; R 2 +s appearing absent owing to its lying in close contact with R 4+5 , gradually fading out towards the tip and not distinctly reaching the costa ; costa retracted ; Cu x usually straight, fork fairly wide, anal lobe not produced ; pulvilli usually absent, when present quite small, empodium well developed. Nanocladius was erected by Kieffer to include an East African species, N. vitellinus which automatically becomes the type species. As reported in 1954, I have been able to examine the female holotype and have found it to be a species of Eukief- feriella as defined by Edwards (1929), allied to the Palaearctic species bicolor Zetterstedt. Microcricotopus was erected for a number of species including Cricotopus albicornis Goetghebuer (Eukiefferiella bicolor Zetterstedt) which was fixed by Goetghebuer (1944) as the type species. This genus will fall as a synonym of Nanocladius. Edwards (1929) did not subdivide Eukiefferiella into subgenera, but Goetghebuer (1944) recognized five subgenera, four being groups earlier proposed by Thienemann as genera. Of the 30 Palaearctic species mentioned by Goetghebuer (1944), 21 fall into Eukiefferiella sensu stricto ; the remaining 9 are divided amongst the other subgenera, depending on the presence or absence of pulvilli, squamal hairs and eye pubescence, and the shape of Cuj. The squamal hair fringe is tending to disappear throughout the genus and in one African species varies from 0-2 hairs, suggesting that this character is not very sound. The other characters used are also not very convincing because the pulvilli are small, the eye hairs tend to be fine and sparse and the shape of Cu varies a good deal in allied genera. It seems pointless in these circumstances to use subgenera based on rather insecure characters to split off small numbers of species. I am, therefore, considering all the subgenera to be synonyms of the earliest name, that is Nanocladius. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 339 Kieffer has described only the one species N. vitellinus from Africa. Goetghebuer has described a species E. metallescens , but examination of the type has shown this to be a species of Trichocladius (q.v.). Most of the species described below are very similar to Palaearctic species. KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Nanocladius 1. Eyes pubescent ............ 2 Eyes bare ............. 3 2. Apical antennal segment with about 10-12 long curved hairs, plume hairs of male white. . .......... vitellinus Kieffer Apical antennal segment with short hairs only, plume hairs dark . brunneus Freeman 3. Antenna with apical rosette, abdomen of male white with segments 5, 8 and hypo- pygium black .......... ephippium sp. n. No apical rosette, abdomen not like this ........ 4 4. Squama with fringe of about 6 hairs ..... angustistilus Freeman Squama with fringe of 1-3 hairs or bare ........ 5 5. Cu x bent, L.R. only 0-4 ........ brevitarsis Freeman Cu x nearly straight, L.R. at least 0-7 ........ 6 6. Mesonotal stripes black, fused in male, anal point absent . . . claviger sp. n. Mesonotal stripes brown, separated in both sexes, short anal point present biloba Freeman 'Nanocladius vitellinus Kieffer Nanocladius vitellinus Kieffer, 1913, Voy. Alluaud Jeannel Afr. Or. Ins. Dipt. I, 32. Eukiefferiella (Microcricotopus) niveipluma Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 203 (SYN. NOV). Examination of the holotype of vitellinus has shown that my species must fall as a synonym. Male matt black with white antennal plumes, female more yellowish with separate scutal stripes ; eyes densely pubescent, small pulvilli present, antennae with 10-12 long curved hairs at the apex in both sexes ; belongs to the group previously known as Microcricotopus Thienemann and Harnisch. Male. Wing length 1-1-3 mm - Head black, face browner, mouthparts and scape black, flagellum paler, plumes quite white ; flagellum with 13 segments, last segment clubbed and with about 10-12 long curved hairs on its apical half ; A.R. 0-3-0-4 ; eyes densely hairy. Thorax completely black, scutum matt. Legs brownish, tarsi rather paler, L.R. 0-6, small pulvilli present. Wings milky white, venation as in Text-fig. 10, a, squama with 2-3 hairs; halteres yellowish or brown. Abdomen black, sometimes white basally, hairs often whitish, hypopygium as in Text-fig, n, a, with narrow hairy anal point, coxite with inner lobe, style angled at apex though angle varies somewhat. Female. Wing length 0-75-1-3 mm. Face yellow, vertex brown, antennal segments 3-5 more or less oval, 6 equal to preceding three in length and somewhat clubbed, with a number of long white curved hairs as in male. Thorax yellowish and with three darker stripes which are well separated ; scutellum brown, postnotum and sternopleuron blackish ; legs and wings as in male, halteres pale, abdomen dark. 34 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Holotype female of vitellinus in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, type locality, Tanganyika, Kilimanjaro, Kilema, 4,500 ft.; holotype male of niveipluma in British Museum, type locality, Cape Province, Berg River, Piquetberg. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : series from various localities along Berg River (K. M. F. Scott). NATAL: 3 $, Mooi River, Rosetta, ix.i953 (A. D. Harrison). TRANSVAAL : 2 $, Tugela River, Colenso, ix. 1953 (A. D. Harrison). BELGIAN CONGO : 2 c?, i ?, Pare Nat. Albert, Vitshumbi (Lake Edward), ii. 1953 (/. Verbeke). UGANDA : i $, Lake Victoria (W. W. Macdonald). SUDAN : 3 <, 4 $, Wad Medani, ii.i952 (D. J. Lewis) ; 4 <$, 3 $, Khartoum (D. J. Lewis) ; 2 <$, 12 $, Wau, x.i_952 (E. T. M. Reid) ; 2 <$, Meroe, nr. Assuan (S. Hirst). Nanocladius brunneus Freeman Nanodadius brunneus Freeman, 1954, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 23, 175. A small insect distinguishable from vitellinus by the yellowish brown thorax and shorter hairs at apex of antenna, the plumes of which are dark. Male. Wing length i'0 mm. Head yellowish brown, palpi and antennae dark brown, plumes dark, A.R. about 0-3, apical segment slightly clubbed and with about 10 short, only slightly curved, hairs at the apex, not in the form of a rosette ; eyes densely hairy. Thorax yellowish with brown stripes ; postnotum and sternopleuron dark brown. Legs brown, pulvilli present, L.R. 0-6. Wings similar to vitellinus, halteres yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown, hypopygium essentially similar to vitellinus (Text-fig. 10, a), anal point slightly shorter but this may be variable. Female not known. FIG. 10. Wings of male Nanocladius. (a) N . vitellinus ; (b) N . claviger ; (c) N . ephippium (d) N. brevitarsis ; (e) N. biloba. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 341 Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : holotype and i <$ paratype, Berg River, Drie- fontein, iv. 1953 (K. M. F. Scott). TRANSVAAL : i <$, Great Usutu River, Amsterdam, ix.i954 (A. D. Harrison). Nanocladius claviger sp. n. Male with body quite black, thorax pruinose and slightly shining, female with separate stripes ; eyes bare, pulvilli absent, A.R. 0-5, squama with fringe of 2-3 hairs. Very similar to Palaearctic species N. brevicalcar Kieffer and hospita Edwards but antennae have different structure. Male. Wing length 1-3 mm. Head, mouthparts, antennae blackish, last segment of antenna clubbed, its apical third bare, A.R. about 0-5, flagellum with 13 segments, plumes dark ; eyes bare. Thorax black, slightly shining and pruinose ; when seen from the front pruinosity especially obvious on shoulders and prescutellar area. Legs brown, pulvilli absent, empodium as long as claws, L.R. 0-75. Wings (Text-fig. 10, b) with anal lobe better developed than in the other species, R t short, Cu x straight, posterior fork distal to r-m; squama with 2-3 hairs ; halteres whitish. Abdomen black, hypopygium (Text-fig. 11, b) lacking anal point, coxite lobe well formed, style simple. Female. General body structure and wing venation similar to male ; shoulders pale, stripes narrowly separated, antennae with last segment nearly as long as three preceding ones. Holotype male and 2 <$, 4 $, NATAL : Drakensberg, Giant's Castle Camp, 5,000 ft. i8.ix.53 (A- D. Harrison) ; holotype in British Museum, 3 paratypes placed in South African Museum. Nanocladius angustistilus Freeman Eukiefferiella (Eukiefferielld) angustistilus Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 205. A brownish species with no strong markings, hardly to be distinguished from the European calvescens Edwards, paler in colour, A.R. shorter, rather smaller. Antennae with short hairs at apex, halteres pale, squamal fringe well developed, empodium small ; male hypopygium characteristic. Male. Wing length 1-3 mm. Head yellowish brown, palpi and antennae darker, flagellum 13-segmented, A.R. 0-4, last segment with short hairs at apex ; eyes bare. Thorax yellowish brown with three dark brown more or less separate stripes, humeral pits rather large, postnotum and sternopleuron blackish. Legs pale brown, L.R. 0-7, pulvilli absent, empodium short. Wings milky, costa produced and ending above tip of M 3+4 , R x and posterior fork as in vitellinus, An ending before fork ; squama with well developed fringe of about 6 hairs ; halteres pale. Abdomen brown, hypopygium (Text-fig. 11, c) with well developed bare anal point, inner lobe of coxite not very prominent ; style narrow with small inner flange and two apical spines, the smaller being transparent, iXth tergite bare. 342 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE Female. More yellow than male, scutal stripes pale brown, poorly denned ; apical antennal segment with short hairs, rather longer than preceding two together. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : holotype and i , Kigezi Prov., Mt. Muhavura, 13,500 ft., xi.i934 (/. Ford) ; 10 ^, 2 $, Kigezi Prov., Mt. Sabinio, 11,000 ft., xi-i934 (/. Ford) ; 19 ?, Kigezi Distr., Lake Mutamda, 6,000 ft., xi.i934 (/. Ford). KENYA : i <, Aberdare Range, Nyeri Track, 11,00 ft., x.1934 (/. Ford) ; i <$, Aberdare Range, Mt. Kinangop, 10,000 ft., x.1934 (F. W. Edwards). SUDAN : i , Helwan, iii.i923 (S. Hirst). Genus SMITTIA Holmgren Smittia Holmgren, 1869, K. Svensk. Vet. Akad Handl. 8, 47 ; Goetghebuer, 1943, in Lindner, Flieg. Pal. Reg. 3 (i3g), 77 ; Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 206. Spaniotoma subg. Smittia Edwards, 1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 77, 357. Camptocladius van der Wulp, 1874, Tijdschr. Ent. 17, 133 (in part) ; Kieffer, 1918, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 16, 76 (in part). Allocladius Kieffer, 1913, Voy. Alluaud Jeannel Afr. Or. Ins. Dipt. 1, 28 (SYN. NOV.). Phaenocladius Kieffer, 1921 in Thienemann, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 2, 845. Pseudosmittia Goetghebuer, 1932, Faune de France 32, 126 ; Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 208. Euphaenocladius Thienemann, 1934, Encycl. Ent. Dipt. 7, 29. Orthosmittia Goetghebuer, 1943, in Lindner, Flieg. Pal. Reg. 3 (i3g), no; Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 208. Eyes bare or with very short pubescence ; wings without distinguishable micro- trichia, often rather milky ; R 2+ 3 ending separately in costa, posterior fork well beyond cross-vein, Cu often strongly curved ; squama always quite bare ; pulvilli usually absent. The small species falling into this genus are best distinguished by the bare squama, a feature not found elsewhere except for occasional species of Nanocladius which can easily be separated on venational characters. I prefer to treat the group as a full genus and not to follow Edwards (1929) and treat it as a subgenus. Edwards subdivided the British species of his subgenus Smittia into five species groups using as the key character the length of the anal vein. Goetghebuer (1943) made certain alterations to this arrangement and called the groups subgenera of the genus Smittia. The African species resemble Palaearctic species to a greater or lesser extent, but they do not all conform exactly to the grouping used by either Edwards or Goetghebuer, probably because the venational characters show more variety in the African species. The largest number of the species falls into Group E of Edwards, two species fall into Group A and three into Group D. There are others that do not seem to fall into any of the groups. Goetghebuer took the species of Groups D and E together and redivided them as subgenera on the basis of the shape of Cu, whether it was straight or bent, calling them Orthosmittia and Pseudosmittia respectively. I am not very satisfied with this A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 347 grouping because it seems to place dissimilar species together, also Orthosmittia includes very few species. I am of the opinion that Edwards' classification offers a basis for recognizing species groups, but that overlap and anomalous species blur the outlines of the groups. I do not, therefore, propose to recognize any subgenera and I am only using the species grouping of Edwards where possible to place the species that seem to be allied next to each other. There is some evidence of a group not recognized by either Edwards or Goetghebuer, of species with a transverse fold beyond the end of the anal vein which gives the appearance of a spurious second posterior fork. This is also shown by at least six British species : brevifurcata Edwards, trilobata Edwards, curticosta Edwards, conjuncta Edwards, forcipata Goetghebuer, contingent Walker and by the Japanese species bifurcata Tokunaga. This group cuts across Orthosmittia and Pseudosmittia and is more favourable to Edwards' Groups. Allodadius Kieffer, a genus described from an East African specimen said to be intermediate between the Orthocladiinae and Chironominae is an earlier description of Pseudosmittia salti Freeman. It has the coxite lobe in two well-formed free parts. Euphaenodadius Thienemann has the same type species as Phaenocladius Kieffer and must fall as a synonym. Kieffer described four species from Seychelles and five from the mainland which seem to be best placed in Smittia as shown in Table I (p. 292). I have seen the type of one mainland species but not of the other four, which were described from females. Of these, Camptodadius guineensis and longicosta both appear to be earlier descriptions of Smittia longicostalis Goetghebuer ; C. capensis and kribiensis are unrecognizable, but probably belong to Smittia. Notes on these two are given below. Goetghebuer has described two species in Smittia, one being a redescription of a Kieffer species. KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Smittia (Includes only species of which I am certain and have seen specimens ; based on males but can be used for some females.) 1. Eyes pubescent, anal vein reaching beyond fork ....... 2 Eyes bare, anal vein not reaching beyond fork ....... 4 2. Wings with heavy dark markings (Text-fig. 13, c) . . . vnaculipennis Goetghebuer Wings plain ............. 3 3. Anal lobe distinct in male (Text-fig. 13, a) . . . . . . atra Freeman Anal lobe obtuse .......... fletcheri sp. n. 4. Wings with an extra transverse fold beyond apex of anal vein, running from Cu 2 towards wing margin, forming an accessory posterior fork .... 5 Wings without this fold ........... 8 5. (3% strongly bent or curved (Text-figs. 13, m, n) . . . . . . . 6 Cu x practically straight (Text-figs. 13, k, 1) . . . . . . . . j 6. A.R. i-i, halteres black, costa longer (Text-fig. 13, m), hypopygium as in Text-fig. 14, / subtrilobata sp. n. A.R. 0-8, costa shorter, halteres white, hypopygium as in Text-fig. I4,m. hamata sp. n. 7. Shoulders of male with brilliant silvery pruinosity . . melanostola Kieffer Thorax of male all black . hirtella Freeman 348 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 8. Wings with anal lobe well formed in male, costa not produced .... 9 Wings without anal lobe in male . . . .. . . . . n 9. Anal lobe very distinct (Text-fig. 13, e), coxite lobe right-angled . rectilobus Freeman Anal lobe less distinct ........... 10 10. Coxite lobe very large and free (Text-fig. 13, d) wings smoky in both sexes nigra Kieffer Coxite lobe small and not free (Text-fig. 13, /) wings not smoky . . conigera Freeman 11. Anal vein strongly curved at apex, almost reaching wing margin (Text-fig. 13, i), male style as in Text-fig. 14, h . . . . . . . . wulfi sp. n. Anal vein only slightly curved at apex . . . . . . . . 12 12. Body yellow with black markings on stripes and abdominal segments 2, 3, 5 and 8 harrisoni sp. n. Body black, though abdominal sternites sometimes paler . . . . . 13 13. R 4+5 ending at level of apex of M 3+4 ......... 14 R 4+5 ending before this level .......... 15 14. Thorax brown and not very shining, species from Seychelles . . mahensis Kieffer Thorax black and slightly shining ...... subnigra nom. nov. 15. A.R. only about 0-2, anal point long, not known . . . capicola Freeman A.R. 0-7, anal point absent ; costa of female greatly produced, antennae with flask- shaped segments .......... guineensis Kieffer Smittia atra Freeman Smittia atra Freeman, 1954, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 23, 175. A typical member of Edwards' Group B, doubtfully distinct from the Palaearctic species atenima Meigen, style without such a large projection. Quite black, thorax rather shining, eyes with short pubescence, costa produced, Cu x bent, anal lobe distinct, female antennae with intermediate segments moniliform. Male. Wing length 1-8 mm. Head, mouthparts, and antennae black, A.R. about 1-5, eyes with distinct but short pubescence. Thorax all black, slightly shining and with some pruinosity. Legs dark brown, L.R. 0-6, pulvilli absent, empodium well developed. Wings milky, venation as in Text-fig. 13, a, costa clearly produced, r-m short, Cu t bent, An reaching beyond posterior fork, anal lobe distinct but not large. Halteres dark brown. A bdomen blackish, hypopygium (Text-fig. 14, a) with bare anal point, IXth tergite with a few hairs, style with inner flange present but less developed than in atenima Meigen. Female similar to male, antennae with intermediate segments moniliform. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE: type series, Berg River, iv-v.i953 (K. M. F. Scott). BELGIAN CONGO : i $, Lulenga (de Wulf) in Musee Royal du Congo Beige. UGANDA : i $, Kigezi Distr., Lake Mutamda, 6,000 ft., xi.ig34 (/. Ford) ; i , Olifantsvlei, nr. Johannesburg, ii, iii, iv, vii, viii.1954 (A. D. Harrison). Corynoneura seychellensis Kieffer Corynoneura seychellensis Kieffer, 1911, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 14, 363. There is a single male of the type series in the British Museum lacking the abdomen. In colour it differs from dewulfi by the dark brown instead of black thorax. In structure it resembles dewulfi except for the arrangment of the short hairs at the apex of the antenna, which do not form a rosette but which spread down the antenna for a distance equal to the width of the last segment. I have not been able to examine the hypopygium. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type locality of SEYCHELLES : Mahe, Cascade Estate, 800-1,500 ft. Genus THIENEMANNIELLA Kieffer Thienemanniella Kieffer, 1911, Bull. Sod ent. France, 187 ; Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27, 365-6 (in part) ; Goetghebuer, 1939, in Lindner, Flieg. Pal. Reg. 3 (13!), i. ? Kribiocladius Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. France 92, 181. Corynoneura subg. Thienemanniella Edwards, 1929, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 77, 366. Eyes pubescent ; posterior tibiae not swollen and without apical projection ; costa in male extending to two-fifths of wing length and nearly to posterior fork, in female to beyond middle of wing and posterior fork. I am treating this group as a full genus and not as a subgenus of Corynoneura. Kieffer described Kribiocladius from a single female with pubescent eyes from French Cameroons. He stated in the key to genera that it belonged to " Groupe Corynoneura " and although his description is difficult to follow, it seems likely that A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 365 he was dealing with a species of Thienemannietta. I am unable to include the species in the key. Goetghebuer has described two species in this genus, the type series of which I have examined in Musee Royal du Congo Beige. The first, T. chambiensis, does not belong to this genus at all but is a species of Stempdlina (subf . Chironominae) thus accounting for the peculiar venation and the presence of macrotrichia on the wing. The type series of other species, T. trivittata, is a mixed series and is dealt with below. KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Thienemanniella 1. Anal lobe of wing present though not produced (Text-figs. 17, b, c), basal abdominal segment with group of 4-6 bristles each side, last segment of male antenna as long as preceding three together ...... trivittata Goetghebuer Anal lobe reduced (Text-fig. 17, /), only a single bristle each at base of abdomen . 2 2. Last segment of male antenna equal to preceding five together ; thorax of male black .......... antennata Freeman Last segment of male antenna shorter than preceding two together ; thorax of male with separate stripes ......... lineola Freeman Thienemanniella trivittata Goetghebuer Thienemanniella trivittata Goetghebuer, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27, 53. Thienemanniella analis Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 212 (SYN. NOV.). The type series of T. trivittata consists of three specimens, one male and two females, all of different species. One of the females is Corynoneura dewulfi and may have been mixed by Goetghebuer when he wrote the labels, the other two can probably be considered as the true type series and both belong to species since described by me : the female to T. analis and the male probably to T. lineola. Although Goetghe- buer did not categorically state the sex of the type in his description, it is clear that he intended it to be the female which I now fix as lectotype. This means that T. analis becomes a synonym. The shape of the anal area in Goetghebuer's figure of the wing is quite inaccurate. Male blackish, female more yellow and ith separate stripes ; last segment of male antenna as long as preceding three together ; flagellum with 12 segments ; wings with anal area well developed ; first abdominal segment in both sexes with a group of 4-6 bristles each side. Male. Wing length 1-1-2 mm. Head, antennae and plumes blackish, mouthparts brown ; flagellum with 12 segments, last segment (Text-fig. 17, d) slightly clubbed and as long as preceding three together, basal half of it with plume hairs, apex with short hairs ; eyes with short pubescence. Thorax black, stripes fused. Legs brown, L.R. 0-75, fourth tarsal segment rather bilobed, last one flattened dorso-ventrally. Wings milky, venation (Text-fig. 17, 6) with clavus not reaching level of posterior fork, anal area well developed but not produced, squama bare. Halteres with whitish knobs. Abdomen black, browner ventrally, with bristly hairs across bases of all segments, segment i with a group of 4-6 each side only, segments 2-7 with 9-11 in a row across, segment 8 with 1-2 only. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 17, a] with struts smaller than in Coryno- neura, " parameres " strongly curved and bent over at tips. 366 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE FIG. 17. Thienemanniella. T. trivittata : (a) male hypopygium ; (b) male wing ; (c) female wing ; (d) apex of male antenna. T. antennata : (e) male hypopygium ; (/) male wing ; (g) apex of male antenna. T. lineola : (h) male hypopygium ; (i) apex of male antenna. Only bases of antennal plume hairs shown. A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHIRONOMIDAE 367 Female. Head yellowish, antennae brown, segments 2-5 moniliform, 6 as long as 4-5 together and with short hairs at apex. Thorax yellowish with three separate brown stripes, scutellum and base of postnotum yellow, apex of postnotum and sterno- pleuron brown. Wings with clavus longer than in male (Text-fig. 17, c), anal area also large. Halteres whitish. Abdomen brown with bristles arranged as in male. Lectotype female of trivittata in Musee Royal du Congo Beige ; holotype male of analis in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : type series of analis from French Hoek Forest Reserve, Wemmer's Hoek and Wellington. v.J_952 and ix-x.i952 (K. M. F. Scott}. NATAL: i <, Bushman's River, Giant's Castle Camp, ix.ig53 (A. D. Harrison}. TRANSVAAL: i <$, i $, Lydenburg Distr., Santa River, iv.i955 (A. D. Harrison}. BELGIAN CONGO : type $ of trivittata, Escarpement Kabasha, Chambi. Thienemanniella antennata Freeman Thienemanniella antennata Freeman, 1953, Proc, R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 212. Very similar in general appearance to trivittata, but easily separated by reduction of anal area and fewer abdominal bristles ; separable from it and from lineola by the elongate apical antennal segment of male, flagellum lo-segmented. Male. Wing length i-o mm. Head and antennae black ; flagellum with 10 segments only, last segment (Text- fig. 17, g) elongate and about as long as preceding five together, with plume hairs for most of its length and short hairs at the tip ; eyes pubescent. Thorax black, stripes fused. Legs as in trivittata. Wings (Text-fig. 17, /) with reduced anal area, venation very similar to trivittata. Halteres yellow. Abdomen black and with fewer bristles than in trivittata ; segment i with only one each side, remainder with 3-5 in a basal row. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 17, a) with struts more reduced, .parameres nearly straight, coxite with inner lobe. Female. Two females taken at the same time as some of the males of the type series probably belong to this species ; they resemble the female of trivittata except that the anal area of the wing is reduced and the abdominal chaetotaxy resembles the male. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : type series, Berg River, French Hoek (type locality) and Piquetberg, vii and ix-xi.i952 (K. M. F. Scott). NATAL : 5 <, Tugela River, Colenso, ix. 1953 (A. D. Harrison) ; i <^, Mooi River, Kamberg Game Reserve, ix.i953 (A. D. Harrison). TRANSVAAL: 2 , Great Usutu River, Amsterdam, ix.i954 (A. D. Harrison) ; i <$, Lydenburg, ix.i954 (A. D. Harrison). Thienemanniella lineola Freeman Thienemanniella lineola Freeman, 1953, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 22, 212. Male readily distinguished from males of other species known to me by the separate stripes ; anal lobe of wing reduced, flagellum lo-segmented, last segment short ; female indistinguishable from female of antennata. 3 68 A STUDY OF AFRICAN CHI RONOMID AE Male. Wing length i-o mm. Head dark, face yellowish, antennae black, flagellum lo-segmented, last segment (Text-fig. 17, i) shorter than the preceding two together, with plume hairs basally and short hairs apically ; mouthparts yellowish ; eyes with short pubescence. Thorax yellow with separate blackish scutal stripes, central one may be prolonged by a brown area ; scutellum brown with yellow apex, postnotum and sternopleuron black. Legs similar to trivittata. Wings similar to antennata, anal area reduced ; halteres pale. Abdomen blackish, bristles as in antennata though segment i may have one or two each side. Hypopygium (Text-fig. 17, h) with struts shaped as shown, coxites and styles both simple. Females cannot be separated from females of antennata. Holotype male in British Museum. DISTRIBUTION. CAPE PROVINCE : holotype and paratypes, Berg River, French Hoek Forest Reserve, x . 1952, further specimens iv . 1952 and v . 1953 ; i $, Kirsten- bosch, iv.i952 (K. M. F. Scott). NATAL: i $, Bushman's River, Giant's Castle Camp, ix.i953 (A. D. Harrison). TRANSVAAL : 6 <, 4 $, Lydenburg Distr., Santa River, v.1955 and i <, Nelspruit, ix.i954 (A. D. Harrison). In addition the male cotype of T. trivittata probably belongs here, BELGIAN CONGO : Escarpement Kabasha, Chambi. ? Thienemanniella flava Kieffer Kribiocladius flav a Kieffer, 1923, Ann. Soc. ent. France 92, 181. As explained above, this species which was described from the female alone, is placed here in some doubt. The following is a resume of the more important parts of the original description. The type is lost. Female. Length 0-8 mm. Yellow ; postnotum, mesonotal stripes and sternopleuron brown ; abdomen with transverse brown bands ; halteres white, eyes pubescent ; antennae 7-segmented, last segment three and a half times as long as 6 ; segments 2-6 globular, second hardly longer than third. Wings hyaline, bare, without distinguishable microtrichia. Costa reaching extremity of R 4+5 ; R 2 +z> ^4+5 an d M 1+2 indicated by traces or false veins, R 2+3 reaching to two-thirds of R 4+5 , stopping before reaching wing margin ; R 4+5 approaching point of wing, M 1+2 ending near tip of wing ; r-m oblique and thick, posterior fork hardly distal to it, M 3+4 as long as petiole of fork, Cu x very oblique ; An a little bent distally, both it and Cu x are fine. L.R. 0-6, pulvilli absent, empodium very short, posterior tibiae not thickened, comb dense as in Orthocladius , large spur as long as thickness of tibia. Type locality FRENCH CAMEROONS : Kribi. 56 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED, BARTHOLOMEW PRESS DORKING /I A REVISION OF THE BRUELIA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE PART I M. ATIQUR RAHMAN ANSARI BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 4 No. 8 LONDON : 1956 A REVISION OF THE BRUELIA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE PART I BY M. ATIQUR RAHMAN ANSARI Pp. 369-406 ; 100 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 4 No. 8 LONDON: 1956 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical Series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 4, No. 8 of the Entomological series. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued October, 1956 Price Ten Shillings PART I By M. ATIQUR RAHMAN ANSARI, M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc. Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Lahore. INTRODUCTION Two distinct types of Bruelia are found on the Corvidae. The first has the body feebly sclerotized and the abdominal chaetotaxy scarce ; these are similar to those species of Bruelia which commonly infest other passerines, for example, Fringillidae, Laniidae, Timaliidae and Sturnidae. In this group are Bruelia deficiens (Piaget), B. zohrae and B. zavattariornis. The second type has the body more heavily sclerotized and robust in form; this group can be further subdivided into forms with broad and narrow heads respectively. The identification of the different members of the genus Bruelia, especially of females, is sometimes very difficult. The distinguishing features utilized here have been mainly the shape of the head, the length of the preantennal region and its width, as well as the index of the total head length to the width. An examination of the male genitalia shows that there are a number of distinct and easily recognizable species. The abdominal chaetotaxy and shape of the tergal plates and the shape of the female genital plate are also helpful in separating the species. With respect to the genital plate, it is not only the pattern of coloration but also the number of marginal hairs which are of use. During these studies we have observed that allied forms are commonly indistinguishable from each other in the female sex, though easily separated in the male. In the present communication the taxonomy is, therefore, mainly based on the male sex. The linear measurements were taken along the midline ; the length of the pre- antennal region is from the anterior margin to an imaginary line drawn between a point immediately behind each conus ; the region behind this line is considered as the hind-head. Breadths represent the maximum transverse measurement of the part. The cephalic index is the ratio of length to breadth of the head (Waterston, 1928). As the length and breadth of the head remain fairly constant for a species they can be used as reliable criteria of specific difference. Most of the specimens including holotypes and allotypes are in the collections of ENTOM. 4, 8. 23 372 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE the British Museum (Natural History) ; exceptions are indicated in the text. Text- figures were drawn from the type material with an Abbe camera lucida. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author considers it his privilege to express his deepest gratitude to Miss Theresa Clay for her advice and suggestions at every stage of this work. He also wishes to thank Mr. N. D. Riley for so very kindly giving him facilities to work in his department. Grateful thanks are also due to Mr. G. H. E. Hopkins for the loan of some notes on the nomenclature of described species. To his former Professor, Mr. M. Afzal Husain, the author is much indebted for inspiration and encouragement throughout these studies. He would also like to put on record the help and coopera- tion he has received from his wife, Zohra Rahman during his stay in England. I ir it cliu glandarii (Denny), 1842 (Text-figs, i 6) Nirmus glandarii Denny, 1842, Mon, Anopl. Brit. : 51, 129, pi. 8, fig. 3. Type host : Garruhis glandarius rufttergum Hartert. MALE. Head triangular with broadly concave apex. Pre-antennal area with margi- nal carina interrupted medianly and laterally. Anterior margin hyaline. Dorsal suture well marked. Anterior plate squarish with conspicuous ventral component. Ventral carina interrupted medianly and continuous with the premarginal carina. Postantennal region with narrow marginal carina, with enlarged postocular nodus and occipital nodus. The number and arrangement of the setae of head as described by Clay (1951). Antenna exhibits sexual dimorphism. Basal segment is about 1*5 times as long as the conus. (In the female this segment is almost as long as the conus.) Prothorax transverse, with one long dorsal hair in the posterior angle. Ptero- thorax trapezoidal, broadly angled over abdomen, laterally divergent with 6-8 elongate setae on the dorsal posterior margin on each side. Abdomen elliptical, with broadly rounded terminal segment. Segments 1 1- VI 1 1 with approximate tergal plates, varying considerably in area and pigmentation in various specimens, usually feebly sclerotized. Sternal plates II-V fairly distinct, confined to the middle. Genital plate irregular. Chaetotaxy as shown in the figure and table below, the setae are definite in number and position except for some minute terminal hairs, which may vary slightly from specimen to specimen. Geni- talia with basal plate twice as long as the parameres or its own distal width. Para- meres simple, very broad in the middle and pointed apically, fitting closely to the sides of the mesosome when at rest. Mesosome much flattened, as shown in Text- fig. 4. FEMALE. Similar to the male but the body is longer, with considerable differences in the abdominal chaetotaxy. Genital plate conical with 3-4 minute lateral spines BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 373 on segment VIII, vulva with 6-u to 8-n short and stout marginal spines arranged in 2-3 rows. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 2 females (syntypes in Denny collection) from Garrulus g. rufitergum ; 28 males and 59 females from Garrulus g. rufitergum from England ; FIGS. 1-6. Bruelia glandarii. (i) Male ; (2) male genitalia ; (3) Paramere : (4) mesosomal plates ; (5) terminal segments of female ; (6) vulvar chaetotaxy. 14 males and 30 females from Garrulus g. glandarius from Hampshire, Estonia and N.E. Poland ; 7 males 10 females from Garrulus g. theresae from Morocco ; 2 females from Garrulus g. krynicki from Asia Minor. LECTOTYPE. Female (Denny Collection, slide no. 256) from Garrulus g. rufitergum ; paratype one female. 374 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE Abdominal Chaetotaxy Male. Female (lectotype). r "^ Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. Pterothorax 6-8+6-8 i+i Abdomen II . i+i i+i o+o Ill . i+i i+i o+o IV . I-2 + I+I+2 i+i 2+2 V . 2+I+I+2 i+i 3+3 VI . 2-3 + 1 +1+2 i+i 4+4 VII . 1-2+ 1 +1 +2 4+4 VIII . 2+I+I+2 4+4 IX-X . i+5+5+i 2+2 6 + 13 r Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 7-8+7-8 i+i i+i o+o o+o i+i 0+0 o+o i+i+i+i I+I 2+2 i+i+i+i I+I 3+3 1+1+1+1 I+I 3+3 i+i+i+i 3+3 O+I+I+O 4+4 Vulva 6-1 1 +8-1 1 See Text-fig. 5. Measurements (mm.} : Length x Breadth Head pre-aritennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B of pre-antennal L : B of hind head Cephalic index Male. O'igS XO'321 0-239 x 0-290 0-103x0-233 0-171 Xo-383 0-904x0-473 i : 1-62 i : 1-63 i : 0-89 Female (lectotype). 0-226 xo-369 0-239x0-452 0-103 xo-274 0-191 xo-390 0-021 xo-5&i i -64 1-89 0-97 Bruelia glandarii perisoreus subsp. nov. (Text-figs, i a, 30) This species is allied to Bruelia glandarii (Denny) from which it can be separated by the shape of the pre-antennal region. MALE. Antenna sexually dimorphic, but the difference is very slight. Tergal plates entire, feebly sclerotized. Sternal plates and genital plate well sclerotized. Details of head of parameres, shape of endomeres and of mesosome as in Bruelia glandarii except the parameres are not as broad and the total length is relatively longer. FEMALE. As in glandarii except for shape of head. Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index Measurements (mm. male (holotype). 0-212 Xo-356 o 205 x o 404 0-089 x 0-226 0-157x0-356 0-904 x 0-561 i : 1-68 i : 1-97 i 0-96 Female (allotype). 0-219x0-377 0-226x0-417 0-103 xo-26i 0-157x0-404 1-321 xo-671 i : 1-72 i : 1-84 i : 0-94 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 375 1a 3a FIGS. ia and 30. Briielia glandarii perisoreus subsp. n. (10) Male (dorsal and ventral) ; # Paramere. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 22 males and 47 females from Perisoreus i. infaustus (Linn.) from Lapland. Holotype (male) allotype (female) on slide no. 11103 m Meinertzhagen collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)), from Perisoreus i. infaustus from Lapland. Paratypes : 21 males and 46 females from the same host form (data above). Briielia clayae sp. n. (Text-figs. 7-13) This species is similar to Briielia glandarii (Denny) from which it can be distin- guished by the male genitalia. 376 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE MALE. As shown in Text-figs. 7-11. The body plates are strongly sclerotized. Chaetotaxy as in Briielia glandarii. The genitalia are well developed. The shape and details of the head of parameres, shape of endomeres and telomeres and details of mesosome are characters which distinguish if from related species. FEMALE. No reliable character can be found on which to separate the species from the females of Briielia glandarii. FIGS. 7-13. Briielia clayae sp. nov. (7) Male ; (8) Male genitalia; (9-10) two different views of mesosomal plate; (n) paramere ; (12) terminal segments of female; (13) vulvar chaetotaxy. BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 377 Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index Measurements (mm. Male (holotype). 0-177x0-308 0-205x0-377 0-082 X 0-205 , 0-157x0-328 0-828x0-479 i : 1-74 i : 1-84 i : 0-98 Female (allotype). 0-198 x 0-342 0-219 xo'4ii 0-082 x 0-226 0-157x0-349 i -109x0-561 i : 1-72 i : 1-87 i : 0-98 MATERIAL EXAMINED. 15 males, 20 females from Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.) from Virginia. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) on slide no. 12657-58 in Meinertz- hagen collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)) from Cyanocitta cristata cristata from Virginia. Paratypes 14 males and 19 females from the type-host (data above). This species is named in honour of Miss Theresa Clay, who has done much work to increase our knowledge of Mallophaga and removed so many ambiguities from the taxonomy of this group ; and also given much valuable help and advice to the author during this work. Briielia nitzschi Keler, 1938 (Text-figs. 14-20) Briielia nitzschi, Keler, 1938, Arb. morph. tax. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem, 5 : 232, fig. 2. Type host : Cyanocorax cyanomelas (Vieillot). This species is similar to Briielia glandarii (Denny) from which it can be distinguished by the male genitalia. MALE. Marginal carina interrupted medianly, anterior plate well developed. Pleural plates well sclerotized, tergal plates indistinct, sternal and genital plate well developed. The characters of the head of the paramere, shape of the endomeres and telomeres and details of mesosome are typical and distinguish this species from allied forms. FEMALE. Similar to the male, with differences in the abdominal chaetotaxy. Abdominal Chaetotaxy Male. Female. Pterothorax Abdomen II III IV V VI VII VIII IX 1 * Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 6+6 i+i i+i i+i o+o i+i i+i O+O 2+I+I+2 I+I 2+2 2+I+I+2 I+I 3+3 2+I+I+2 I+I 3+3 2+I+I+2 O+O 3+3 2+I+I+2 O+O 4+4 8+8 o+o i+i See Text-fig. Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 6+6 i+i i + i i+i o+o i+i i+i o+o i+i+i+i i+i 2+2 i+i+i+i i+i 2+2 i+i+i+i i+i 3+3 i+i+i+i o+o 4+4 i+i+i+i o+o 4+4 3+3 o+o 2+2 See Text-fig. Vulva : 10 + 13 378 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 14 18 20 FIGS. 14-20. Bruelianitzschi. (14) Male ; (15) male genitalia ; (16) paramere ; (17-18) two different views of mesosomal plate ; (19) terminal segments of female ; (20) vulvar chaetotaxy BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 379 Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index Measurements (mm.) Male. 0-177 XO'321 0-233x0-383 0-082 xo-239 0-171 xo-417 0-821 xo-582 i : 1-81 I : 1-64 i : 0-93 Female. 0-191 XO-3&9 0-239x0-438 0-103 xo-28i 0-219x0-431 1-233 x 0-698 i : 1-93 i : 1-83 i : i 02 MATERIAL EXAMINED. 5 males and 5 females from the type host Cyanocorax cyanomelas (Vieillot) from Brazil in British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collection. Briielia hopkinsi sp. nov. (Text-figs. 21-27) This species is close to Briielia glandarii (Denny) from which it can be distinguished by the chaetotaxy which tends to be more sparse in this species, by the male genitalia and female genital plate. MALE. Marginal carina entire, medianly less heavily sclerotized and indented, anterior margin hyaline. Ventral carina feeble. Pleural plates well developed, tergal plates and sternal plates well marked. Genitalia as shown in Text-figs. 22-25. FEMALE. Similar to the male but varies in size and abdominal cheatotaxy. Abdominal Chaetotaxy Male. f Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. Pterothorax 5-5+5-6 i+i Abdomen II . i+i i+i o+o Ill . i+i i+i o+o IV . i+i+i+i i+i 2+2 V . i+i+i+i i+i 2+2 VI . i+i+i+i i+i 3+3 VII . 2+I+I+2 o+o 3+3 VIII . I+I+I+I o+o 3+3 IX . 7+7 o+o i+i X-XI . 3+3 6+7 Female. >. Tergal. Sternal. 1 Pleural. 5-6+5-6 i+i i+i i+i o+o i+i i+i o+o i+i+i+i i+i 3+3 !+!+!+! i+i 3+3 I+I+I+I i+i 3+3 I+I+I+I o+o 2+3 I+I+I+I o+o 3+3 4+4 o+o 3+3 See Text-fig. Vulva: 9 + 10 setae. 380 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index Measurements (mm.] Male (holotype). 0-191 Xo-315 0-191x0-363 0-089x0-212 , 0-151 xo-32i 0-842x0-473 i : 1-64 i : 1-90 i : 0-95 ' Female (allotype). 0-198x0-335 0-212x0-417 0-123 Xo-253 0-157x0-377 0-123x0-534 i : 1-69 i : 1-96 i : i -02 22 FIGS. 21-27. Bruelia hopkinsi sp. nov. (21) Male; (22) male genitalia ; (23-25) two different views of mesosomal plate ; (26) terminal segments of female ; (27) vulvar chaetotaxy. BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 381 MATERIAL EXAMINED. 3 males and 4 females from Xanthoura yncas galeaia Ridgway from Colombia. Holotype (male), allotype (female) slide no. 4077 in Meinertz- hagen collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)) from Xanthoura yncas galeata from Colombia. Paratypes 2 males and 3 females from type host (data above) . This species is named in honour of G. H. E. Hopkins as a modest recognition of his outstanding work on Phthiraptera and also to acknowledge my gratitude for the constant help I have received from him since I started work on Mallophaga. Bruelia meinertzhageni sp. nov. (Text-figs. 28-34) This species is also very similar to Bruelia glandarii (Denny) from which it can be distinguished by the larger size, male chaetotaxy and genitalia. MALE. Marginal carina interrupted medially and laterally. Anterior plate well marked. Dorsal suture distinct. Ventral carina feebly sclerotized. Tergal plates interrupted in the middle. Male genitalia as shown in Text-figs. 29-32. Details of the head of the parameres and of the mesosome distinguish it from allied forms. The dorsal setae in this species tend to be more numerous than in Bruelia glandarii. FEMALE. Similar to male but with scarce dorsal abdominal chaetotaxy. Abdominal Chaetotaxy Pterothorax Abdomen II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X-XI Male. r Tergal. Sternal. > Pleural. 7-8 + 7-8 i+i i+i i+i o+o i+i i+i o+o 2-3 + 1 +1+2-3 i+i 2+2 2-3 + 1 + 1+2-3 i+i 3+3 3 +1-2 + 1-2 +2-3 i+i 3+3 3+2+2+3 o+o 3+3 3+2-3+2-3+3 /3 + II-I2 o+o 3+o 3+3 4+4 See Text-fig. Measurements (mm.} Female. j^ Sternal. Pleural. i+i i+i o+o i+i i+i I+I 2+2 I+I 2+2 i+i 3+3 o+o 3+3 o+o 3+3 o+o 3+3 See Text-fig. Vulva 6-8 setae. Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index ENTOM. 4, 8. Male (holotype). Female (allotype). 0-205x0-363 0-205x0-383 0-219 XO-4I7 0-239x0-404 0-103 xo-26i 0-103x0-246 0-191 xo-411 0-171x0-383 i -062 xo-6i6 1-308x0-631 i 1-77 i : 1-87 i 1-90 i : 1-67 i 0-98 i : 0-91 23 382 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE MATERIAL EXAMINED. 17 males and 37 females from Dendrocitta rufa vagabonda (Latham) from Nepal, Burma and Decan. Holotype (male), allotype (female) on slide no. 4061 from Dendrocitta rufa vagabonda from Burma in the Meinertzhagen collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)). Paratypes 16 males and 36 females from the type host (data above) . 31 FIGS. 28-34. Briielia meinertzhageni sp. nov. (28) Male ; (29) male genitalia ; (3) paramere ; (31-32) two different aspects of mesosomal plate ; (33) terminal segments of female ; (34) vulvar chaetotaxy. BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 383 This species is named inhonourof Col. R. Meinertzhagen, who built upaMallophagan collection, now at the British Museum, which is second to none. Briielia husaini sp. nov. (Text-figs. 35-43) This species is close to Briielia glandarii (Denny) from which it can be distinguished by the shape of the head and chaetotaxy of segment IX. MALE. Head, thorax and abdomen as in Briielia glandarii. Tergal plates entire, feebly sclerotized. Sternal plates IV-VI distinct, confined to the middle. Abdominal chaetotaxy as given in table below. Genitalia as shown in the Text-figs. 38-41. Mesosome more or less polygonal in outline ; head of paramere well developed. FEMALE. Similar to the male but differs in dorsal chaetotaxy and in being larger. A bdominal Chaetotaxy Male. Female. Pterothorax Abdomen II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X-XI r ^ f ^ Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 6-8+6-8 i + i 7-8 + 7-8 i+i i+i i+i o+o i+i i+i o+o i+i i+i o+o i+i i+i o+o I+I+I+O I+I I+I . i+i+i+i i+i I+I 2+I+I+2 I+I I+I . i+i+i+i i+i 2+2 2+I+I+2 I+I 1+2 i+i+i+i i+i 3+2 2+I+I+2 0+0 1+2 i+i+i+i o+o 3+3 I+I+I+I 0+0 2+2 i+i+i+i o+o 3+4 -2+3-5+3-5 + 1-2 o+o I+I 3+3 o+o 2+2 3+3 o+o 6-9 . Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index Measurements (mm.} Male (holotype). 0-246 xo'4ii 0-239x0-479 0-109 Xo-287 O-2I2 XO'452 0-965 x 0-651 i : 1-69 i : 1-97 i : 0-97 Vulva : 10-18 + 10-13 Female (allotype). 0-253x0-452 0-253x0-521 0-096x0-301 0-191 x 0-466 i -116x0-686 i : 1-78 i : 2-06 i : -103 MATERIAL EXAMINED. 6 males, 17 females from Urocissa flavirostris cucullata from Kashmir in Meinertzhagen collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)), Kulu in Ansari Collection. 5 males and 5 females from Urocissa melanocephala occipitalis from Nepal in Meinertzhagen collection and Kulu in Ansari Collection. 384 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE Holotype (male) and allotype (female) on slide no. 944 in Meinertzhagen collection from Urocissa flavirostris cucullata Gould, from Kashmir. Paratypes 5 males and 16 females from same host (data above) . 42 FIGS. 35-43. Bruelia husaini sp. nov. (35) Male ; (36) male antenna ; (37) female antenna ; (38) male genitalia ; (39) parameres ; (40-41) two different aspects of mesosomal plate ; (42) terminal segments of female ; (43) vulvar chaetotaxy. BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 385 This species is named in honour of my former Professor M. Afzal Husain who always took a keen interest in my work and gave me instructions, help and encourage- ment from the day I started under him as his pupil. Bruelia deficiens (Piaget), 1885 (Text-figs. 51-56*) Nirmus deficiens Piaget, 1885, Pediculines Supplement : 23, pi. 3, fig. 3. Type host : Cyanopica cyanus cooki Bonaparte Unlike the previous species of Bruelia described from Corvidae, this species is delicate and feebly sclerotized and resembles those forms which infest passerines belonging to the families Fringillidae, Laniidae, Timaliidae and Sturnidae. MALE. Marginal carina indented medially and the anterior margin of the head at this point hyaline. Abdominal chaetotaxy sparse, delicate and often seen with difficulty. Tergal plates feebly sclerotized. Sternal plates IV-VI distinct, sclerotized as two transverse components, giving an impression of two sternal plates to each segment. Genitalia delicate and typical for the species. FEMALE. Similar to the male but the measurements are greater. Genital plate is polygonal, shield-shaped with acutely angulate posterior angle. Pterothorax Abdomen II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X-XI Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index A bdominal Chaetotaxy Male. f ' Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 5-6+5-6 i + i . o+o i+i o+o o+o i+i I-O + I-O o+o i+i 2+2 I+I+I+I i+i 2+2 2+I+I+2 i+i 2+2 2+3+2+2 o+o 2+2 2+2+2+2 o+o 2+2 4-5+4-5 o+o 2+2 See Text-fig. . Measurements (mm.} Male (type) . 0-184 xo-28i 0-191 xo-328 0-089 XO-2I2 0-171 XO-32I 0-952 x 0-404 i : 1-52 i : 1-71 i : 0-87 Female. Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 5-6+5-6 i+i o+o i+i o+o o+o i+i I+I o+o i+i 2+2 o+o i+i 2 +2 I+I i+i 2+2 I+I o+o 2+2 I+I o+o 3+3 +3+3 + I o+o 2+2 Vulva : 7+8 marginal hairs. Female. 0-226 x 0-308 0-198 xo-356 0-103 Xo-233 0-191 x 0-356 1-301 Xo-445 i-37 1-79 0-84 * Owing to the rearrangement of Text-figures there are none under the numbers 44-50. 386 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Piaget's collection: one male (type) from Cyanopica cyanus cooki Bonaparte. 3 males and 3 females from the type host from Spain in Meinertzhagen collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)). 51 56 FIGS. 51-56. Briielia deficiens. (51) Male; (52) male genitalia ; (53) paramere ; (54) mesosomal plate ; (55) terminal segments of female ; (56) vulvar chaetotaxy Three males and 13 females from Aphelocoma c. californica from California ; 9 males and 30 females from Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis from California in Meinertz- hagen collection were found to be indistinguishable from Briielia deficiens. Some BROELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 387 specimens had slightly narrower heads but this was not found to be a regular feature in all the specimens from the same host. One male and two females (syntypes) of Bruelia ampullata (Piaget) in Piaget's collection from Cyanopica cyanus cooki were critically compared with Bruelia deficiens and found to agree with it in all respects. These two names were published in the same publication and deficiens has page priority. Lectotype of Bruelia deficiens (Piaget) : $ in the Piaget Collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)), slide no. 1237. Lectotype of Bruelia ampullatus (Piaget) : $ in the Piaget Collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)), slide no. 1180. Bruelia zavattariornis sp. nov. (Text-figs. 57-62) This species is very similar to Bruelia deficiens (Piaget) and is difficult to distinguish on a superficial examination. A segment to segment examination, however, shows that the following characters warrant its separation. The male has a narrower head ; other measurements also tend to be smaller ; the chaetotaxy is of a distinct pattern ; the genitalia are similar, but in this species the parameres are shorter. Pterothorax Abdomen : II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X-XI Abdominal Chaetotaxy Male (holotype). Tergal. 6+6 o+o 0+0 I+I I+I+I+I 2+2+2+2 I+4+4+I i+3+3+i -I+I I+I Sternal. Pleural. i+i i+i 0+0 i+i o+o i+i I+I i + i I+I i+i 2 + 1 o+o I+I o+o 2+2 0+0 2+2 o+o 2+3 Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index . Measurements (mm. Male (holotype). 0-184x0-246 0-157x0-274 0-082 xo-i84 , 0-116x0-267 0-891 Xo-377 i-34 1-74 0-80 Female (allotype). f 1 Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 6+6 i+i o+o i+i o+o o+o i+i o+o o+o i+i I+I o+o i+i I+I 1+1 i+i I+I I+I o+o 2+2 I+I+I+I 0+0 3+3 I+2+2+I o+o 3+3 Vulva 10+9-10 Female (allotype). 0-191 xo-28i 0-177x0-315 0-082 xo-igi 0-150x0-301 1-164x0-507 1-47 1-83 0-85 388 BR0ELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE Female is similar to B. deficiens but is smaller. No other reliable characters could be detected to separate the two allied forms. 57 r\ FIGS. 57-62. Bruelia zavattariornis sp. nov. (57) Male ; (58) male genitalia ; (59) paramere ; (60) mesosomal plate ; (61) terminal segments of female ; (62) vulvar chaetotaxy. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 8 males and 21 females from Zavattariornis stressemanni Moloni from Yavallo, South Abyssinia. Holotype (male), allotype (female) on slide number 16129 m Meinertzhagen collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)) from Zavattariornis stresemanni. Paratypes 7 males and 20 females from type host, same data as above. BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 389 Bruelia zohrae sp. nov. (Text-figs. 63-68) This species is similar to Bruelia deficiens (Piaget) and B. zavattariornis sp. nov., from both of which it can be easily separated by its pointed wedge-shaped head and dorsal abdominal chaetotaxy. MALE. Head with acutely pointed forehead. Marginal carina indented medially and the anterior margin at this point hyaline. Tergal plates squarish and approxi- mated sternal plates transverse. The dorsal abdominal hairs delicate. It is often FIGS. 63-68. Bruelia zohrae. (63) Male ; (64) male genitalia ; (65) paramere ; (66) mesosomal plate ; (67) terminal segments of female ; (68) vulvar chaetotaxy. 390 BROELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE difficult to ascertain the position of a hair if lost, because the pustules arc not very conspicuous. FEMALE. Similar to the male but differs in measurements and abdominal chaetotaxy. Abdominal Chaetotaxy Male (holotype). >. r ^ Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. Pterothorax 6+6 i+i Abdomen II . o+o i+i o+o Ill . o+o i+i o+o IV . 0+0 i+i 2+2 V . I+I i+i 2+2 VI . 2 + 1-2 +1-2 +2 i+i 2+2 VII . 2+4+3+2 o+o I+I VIII . i+3+3+i o+o I+I IX . 5-6 + 5 X-XI . See Text-fig. See Text-fig. Female (allotype). f ^ Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 6+6 i+i o+o i+i o+o o+o i+i I+I + i+i 2+2 I+I i+i 2+2 I+I i+i 2+2 I+I o + o 3+3 I+I+I+I o+o 2 +2 3+3 o+o 3+3 Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index Measurements (mm. Male (holotype). 0-226x0-281 0-171 xo*36g o 096 x o 294 0-131 Xo-363 0-917 xo-424 i : 1-24 i : 2-15 i : 0-93 Vulva : 10 +9-1 1 Female (allotype). O-2I2 XO'3O8 0-177x0-383 0-103 xo-3o8 0-177x0-411 1-177x0-514 i : i'45 i : 2-15 i : 0-98 MATERIAL EXAMINED. 2 males and 8 females from Philostomus afer (Linn.) from Portuguese Guinea. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) on slide no. 4064 in Meinertzhagen collection from Philostomus afer. Paratypes one male and 7 females from the same host (data above). This species is named after my wife, who was responsible for my stay in London, and ungrudgingly shouldered the responsibilities of the children during my time in Europe. Bruelia biguttata (Kellogg & Paine), 1914 (Text-figs. 69-75) Nirmus biguttatus Kellog & Paine, 1914, Rec. Ind. Mus. 10 : 234, pi. 14, fig. 2. Type host : Pyrrhocorax g. graculus (Linn). MALE. Pre-antennal region with marginal carina entire. Ventral carina sclerotized only proximally. Basal antennal segment robust, about 1-5 times as broad as the segment before. BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 391 Pterothorax with 7-8 elongate setae on the dorsal posterior margin on each side. Segments II-IX with approximate tergal plates. Sternal plates II-V well sclerotized. Terminal margin with 13-14 long hairs. Genitalia with basal plate about three times as long as mesosome and 2-5 times as long as its distal width. 69 FIGS. 69-75. Briielia biguttata. (69) Male ; (70) male genitalia ; (71) parameres (7 2 -73) two different aspects of mesosomal plate ; (74) terminal tegments of female (75) vulvar chaetotaxy. 392 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE FEMALE. Similar to the male. Basal antennal segment almost half the size of the corresponding segment in male. Genital plate with 3-4 minute spines. Vulva with 15-16 short marginal spines arranged in two irregular rows. Pterothorax Abdomen : II . III . IV . V . VI . VII . VIII . IX . X-XI A bdominal Male. JL Chaetotaxy Female, slide no. 822. _> ( ^ r T Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. . Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 8-9+8-9 2+2 .. 7-8 + 7-8 i+i i +2-3 +3 + 1 2+2 o+o I+2+2+I i+i o+o i+3+3+i 2+3-4 i + i I+2+2+I I+2+2+I I+I i+3+3+i I+2+2+I 2+2 I+2+2+I I+I+I+I 2+2 I+3-4+4 + 1 I+2+2+I 2+2 I+2+2+I 2+I+I+2 2+2 1+4+4+1 I+I+I+I 2+2-3 . i+3+3+i 3+1+1+4 3+3 i +4-6 +6 + 1 O+O 3+3 i+3+3+i I+O+O+O 3+3 5+5 O+O 3+3 I+2+2+I o+o 3+3 IO+Q o+o 3+3 - 3+0+0+3 o+o 5+5 See Text-fig. Vulva : 15 + 16 marginal hairs. Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index Measurements (mm. Male (lectotype). 0-198 Xo-377 0-274x0-472 0-116x0-293 0-191 xo-43i i -075 x 0-623 i : 1-90 i : 1-72 i : i -o Female, slide no. 822. 0-212 Xo-383 0-246 x 0-445 0-096 xo-26o o 205 x o 404 i -061 x 0-630 1-81 i -80 0-97 MATERIAL EXAMINED. 2 male syntypes, Kellogg collection, Indian Museum, Calcutta. 5 males and 10 females from the type host, Pyrrhocorax g. graculus (Linn.) from Khambajon (Tibet) and Pyrenees. LECTOTYPE. i male on slide no 513/16 in Indian Museum, Calcutta. Material collected from Pyrrhocorax p. Pyrrhocorax from Pyrenees and Crete, Pyrrhocorax p. himalayanus from Afghanistan and Pyrrhocorax p. pontifex from East Persia in Meinertzhagen collection is indistinguishable from Bruelia biguttata (Kellogg & Paine). Some of the specimens show marked differences in the shape of the head, abdominal chaetotaxy and total length, but there are intermediate forms showing that this species exhibits an unusually large range of variation. The form described below shows constant differences which warrant its description as a new sub-species of Bruelia biguttata (Kellogg & Paine). BRilELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 393 Bruelia biguttata docilis subsp. nov. (Text-figs. 76-83) MALE. Similar to Bruelia biguttata (Kellogg & Paine) but the head is of slightly smaller size, marginal carina comparatively narrower, ventral carina sclerotized as FIGS. 76-83. Bruelia biguttata subsp. docilis. (76) Male ; (77) male antenna ; (78) female antenna ; (79) male genitalia ; (80) paramere ; (81) mesosomal plate ; (82) terminal segments of female ; (83) vulvar chaetotaxy. 394 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE far as the middle of the pre-antennal region. The genitalia with proportionately smaller parameres. FEMALE. Similar to Bruelia biguttata, but differs in abdominal chaetotaxy. Abdominal Chaetotaxy Male. Female. r Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. Ptero- thorax 8+8 i+i Abdomen : II i+3+3+o i+i+i-i o+o III 1+4+5+1 I+2+2+I I+I IV i +4-5+4 + 1 2+3+3+ 2 2+2 V 1+4+4+1 I+2+2+I 2+2 VI 1+4+4+1 I+2+2+I 3+3 VII i +4-5+4-5 + 1 o+o 3+3 VIII i +4-5+5 + 1 o+o 3+3 IX I+II+IO + I o+o 3+3 X-XI 14 + 19 Tergal. 7 + 7 i+3+3+i i+3+3+i i+3+3+i i +2-3 +2-3 + 1 i+3+3+i 0-1+2-3+2-3 + 1-0 3+3 Sternal. Pleural. i+i i+i o+o 1+4+4+1 i+i I+2+2+I 2+2 1+2+2+1 3+3 3+4+3+4 3+3 o+o 3+2 o+o 3+3 o+o 4-5+4-5 Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head . Cephalic index Measurements (mm.} Male (holotype). 0-171 xo-328 0-253x0-411 0-103x0-253 0-137x0-404 1-007x0-589 i : 1-91 i : 1-62 i : 0-97 Vulva 12 + 12 Female (allotype). 0-219 xo-363 0-274x0-411 0-103 xo-239 0-177x0-411 i 500 x o 630 i i 1-66 1-50 0-83 MATERIAL EXAMINED. 22 males and 31 females from Pyrrhocorax p. docilis (Gmelin) in Meinertzhagen collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)). Holotype (male) and allotype (female) on slide no. 12439 from Pyrrhocorax p. docilis from Morocco in Meinertzhagen collection. Paratypes 21 males and 30 females from the same host (data above). Bruelia koslovae (Clay,) 1936 (Text-figs. 84-89) Degeeriella koslovae Clay, 1936, Proc. zool. Soc. Land. 1935 : 908, pi. i, fig. 3. Type host : Podoces biddulphi Hume. This species is similar to Bruelia biguttatus (Kellogg & Paine) from which it can be easily distinguished by the longer forehead and male genitalia. The abdominal chaetotaxy is more or less the same. In the female the vulva is fringed with 8-9 hairs as against 15-16 in B. biguttata. BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 395 MALE. Marginal carina moderately sclerotized and runs inwards along the rounded margin in the middle. Ventral carina sclerotized only proximally. Tergal plates II-IX well developed, interrupted in the middle ; sternal pates II-VI distinct, confined to the middle. Genitalia as shown in the Text-figs. 85-87. 84 FIGS. 84-89. Briielia koslovae. (84) Male ; (85) male genitalia ; (86) paramere (87) mesosomal plate ; (88) terminal segments of female ; (89) vulvar chaetotaxy. 396 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE FEMALE. Similar to the male, but differs in measurements and chaetotaxy. The marginal hairs on vulva tend to be less than in allied species. Pterothorax Abdomen II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X-XI Abdominal Chaetotaxy Male (type). r i Tergal. Sternal. Pleura 9+9 i+i i+3+3+i 3+3 o+o i+3+3+i 3+3 I+I I+2+2+I 3+3 I+I i+3+3+i 3+3 2+2 i+4+3+i 3+3 3+3 1+4+4+1 o + o 2+2 3+3 o+o 3+3 4+4 o+o 2+2 9 + io See Text-fig. Female. r 1 Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 8+8 i+i I+2+2+I 3+3 o+o i+3+3+i 3+3 I+I i+3+3+i 3+3 3+2 I+2+2+I 3+3 2+2 1+2+3+1 3+3 3+3 I+2+2+I o+o 3+3 2+2 o+o 3+3 3+3 0+0 4+4 Vulva 8+9 hairs. Measurements (mm. Male (type). Female. Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index MATERIAL EXAMINED : One male (type) on slide no. 2994, 9 males and 13 females (paratypes) from Podoces biddulphi Hume from Kashgaria and East Turkistan, and 4 males and 6 females from Podoces hendersoni from Mongolia in Meinertzhagen collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)). 0-253x0-391 o 261 x 0-397 0-239x0-479 o 261 x 0-486 0-103 Xo-246 o 103 x 0-246 0-151 Xo-377 171 Xo-383 1-131x0-554 I 253 x 0-596 I 2-OI i i-97 i 0-97 . i 0-93 Bruelia biocellata (Piaget), 1880 (Text-figs. 90-93) Nirmus biocellata Piaget, 1880, Pediculines, 666, pi. 55, fig. 2. Type host : Pica pica leucoptera Gould. MALE. Marginal carina highly sclerotized, interrupted in the anterior part ; anterior margin hyaline and concave in front ; ventral carina forming a distinct BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 397 band anteriorly. Basal antennal segment robust and twice as long as the conus. Genitalia as shown in Text-figs. 91-93. FEMALE. No female from the type host was available. Females from Pica pica hudsonia are similar to the male with considerable variation in abdominal chaetotaxy. 90 93 FIGS. 90-93. Bruelia biocellata. (90) Male ; (91) male genitalia ; (92) paramere ; (93) mesosomal plate. 398 BROELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE Abdominal Chaetotaxy Male. Female. Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. Pterothorax . 9+8 i+i Abdomen : II 3+3 2+2 0+0 III 1+4+4+1 2+2+2+2 I+I IV 1+4+4+1 2+2+2+2 2+2 V 1+4+4+1 2+2+2+2 2+2 VI i +3-5 +4-5 + 1 2+2 3+3 VII i +3-5 +5 + 1 o+o 3+3 VIII i +4-5 +4-5 + 1 o+o 3-4 + 3-4 IX 10 + 10 o+o X-XI See Text-fig. Sternal. Pleural. i+i Measurements (mm. Male (type). Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head . Cephalic index 0-233x0-445 0-274 x 0-500 0-131 x 0-308 0-157 Xo-466 i -212 xo-657 i : i -91 i : 1-82 i : 0-08 Tergal. 8+8 3+4 3+3 i +4+3 + 1 2-3 + 2-3 i+i I+4+4 + I 2+2 2+2 I+4+3+I I+2+I+2 2+2 1+4+4 + 1 i+i 2+2 i+3+3+i o+o 2+2 2+2 o+o 3+3 2+2 0+0 4+4 Vulva : 17 + 18 short hairs. Female. 0-267 x 0-479 0-294x0-576 0-109x0-315 0-219x0-514 1-452x0-733 i : 1-79 i : 1-95 i : 1-03 MATERIAL EXAMINED. Piaget's collection: one male (type) from Pica pica leucoptera Gould. No reliable characters could be discovered to separate 8 males, 2 females from Pica pica hudsoni, 4 males, 4 females from Pica pica nuttalli from California, 34 males, 30 females from Pica pica bactriana from Kabul and Ladakh, one female from Pica pica sericea from China. Two males of Bruelia nigropicta (Carriker) (marked paratypes) from Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine) from Nebraska in the Hopkins collection were also compared with the B. biocellata type and were found to agree in all respects (see also Hopkins and Clay, 1952 : 59). Bruelia multipunctata (Clay), 1936 (Text-figs. 94-100) Degeeriella multipunctata Clay, 1936, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1935 : 906, pi. i, fig. 2. Type host: Nucifraga caryocatactes multipunctata Gould. This species is similar to Bruelia olivacea (Burmeister), the female of which (the male was not available for comparison) has comparatively fewer hairs on the abdomen and a narrower genital plate. BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 399 MALE. Marginal carina complete, but less heavily sclerotized in the middle and with hyaline margin. Tergal plates interrupted in the middle, well developed on segment II-IX. Sternal plates II-V well formed and confined to the middle. Genital FIGS. 94-100. Brueliamultipunctata. (94) Male; (95) male genitalia ; (96) paramere (97-98) two different aspects of mesosomal plate ; (99) terminal segments of female (100) vulvar chaetotaxy. 4 oo BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE plate on segment VI-IX. Abdominal chaetotaxy very constant. Male genitalia as shown in the Text-figs. 95-97. FEMALE. Similar to the male with slight differences in abdominal chaetotaxy and general body measurements. Abdominal Chaetotaxy Pterothorax Abdomen II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X-XI Male (type). >. r > Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 8+8 i+i 4+4 2+2 o+o 1+4+4+1 3+3 I+I 1+4+4+1 3+3 2+2 1+4+4+1 4+4 2+2 1+4+4+1 3+3 2+2 1+4+4+1 o+o 3+3 1+4+4+1 o+o 2+2 7+6 o+o 2+2 See Text-fig. Head : pre-antennal hind head . Prothorax Pterothorax . Abdomen L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index Measurements (mm.) Male (type). 0-212 xo-438 0-264 X 0-541 0-123 xo-26o 0-164 XO-4I7 i 137 xo-582 i : 2-06 i : 2-09 i : 1-18 Female. Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 7+8 i+i 3+4 3+3 o+o i+3+3+i 4+4 2+2 1+4+4+1 4+4 3+3 i+3+3+i 3+3 3+3 i+3+3+i 3+3 3+3 I+2+2+I o+o 3+3 2+2 o+o 3+3 3+3 o+o 4+4 Vulva : 9 + 1 1 hairs. Female. 0-239x0-465 0-253x0-561 0-116 xo-28i 0-184 x 0-459 1-438x0-616 i : 1-90 i : 2 -ii i : 1-14 MATERIAL EXAMINED. One male type (slide no. 778), 2 males and 6 females (paratypes) from Nucifraga caryocatactes multipunctata Gould from Kashmir in Meinertzhagen collection (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)). Bruelia olivacea (Burmeister), 1938 (Text-figs. 101-103) Nirmus olivacea Burmeister, 1838, Handb. Ent. 2 : 431. Type host : Nucifraga c. caryocatactes (Linn.). Unfortunately no male specimens were available. One female from the type-host was very similar to Bruelia multipunctata (Clay), but could be easily distinguished by the abdominal chaetotaxy and genital plate. BRiJKLLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 401 FIGS. 101-103. Briielia olivacea. (101) Head of female ; (102) terminal segments of female ; (103) vulvar chaetotaxy. 402 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE Abdominal Chaetotaxy Female. Pterothorax . Abdomen II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Vulva Measurements (mm.} : Length x breadth. Female. Pre-antennal region . . o 233 x o 438 Hind head . . . 0-267x0-507 Prothorax . . . . 0-130x0-294 Pterothorax . . . 0-308x0-472 Abdomen .... 1-131x0-692 r " ^ Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 8+8 i+i i+i i+i 0+0 i+i i+i o+o i+i+i+r i+i 3+3 i+i+i+i i+i 3+3 i+i+i+i i+i 3+3 i+i+i+i o+o 4+4 i+i+i+i o+o 4+4 See Text-fig. . 9+9 marginal hairs. L : B pre-antennal . . i L : B hind head . . i Cephalic index ... i 1-88 1-89 i -oi MATERIAL EXAMINED. One female from type host (Nucifraga c. caryocatactes (Linn.)) from Germany in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collection. Bruelia hamatojasciata (Piaget), 1890 (Text-figs. 104-107) Docophorus hamatofasciata Piaget, 1890, Tijdschr. Ent. 33 : 225, pi. 8, fig. 3. Type host : (Penelopides manilae error) Probably some member of the Corvidae. Piaget (1890) described this species from a female from Penelopides mamilae. The type specimen now in the British Museum Collection, shows that it is a Bruelia species of the type infesting the Corvidae. In the female (type) the marginal carina is interrupted medially, with the anterior plate well developed. Ventral carina is sclerotized proximally. Tergal plates II-VIII interrupted in the middle and plate IX is entire. Chaetotaxy as given in the table below. BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 403 104 106 FIGS. 104-107.- Bruelia hamatofasciata. (104) Female ; (105) female antenna (106) terminal segments of female ; (107) vulvar chaetotaxy. 404 BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE Abdominal Chaetotaxy Female (type). Pterothorax . Abdomen II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Vulva r Tergal. Sternal. Pleural. 8 + 10 i+i i+i i+i i+i i+i i+i i+i i+i+i+i i+i 2+2 i+i+i+i i+i 3+3 i+i+i+i i+i 4+4 i+i+i+i o+o 4+4 i+i o+o 4+4 3+3 o+o See Text-fig. 14 + 15 Marginal hairs Measurements (mm.} Female. Pre-antennal region Hind head Prothorax . Pterothorax Abdomen . L : B pre-antennal L : B hind head Cephalic index . 0-246 xo-445 0-281 xo-56i 0-116x0-349 0-253x0-582 1-212 xo-794 i i 1-81 1-99 i -06 This form is similar to that from Pica p. nuttali, from which it can be easily distinguished by the abdominal chaetotaxy, pigmentation of ventral carina and genital plate. It will probably be useful to know that Piaget collected Mallophaga from the following Corvidae : Pica p. pica and Pica p. leucoptera (Gould) when he described the species under consideration. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Piaget 's collection one female (type) in British Museum (Nat. Hist.). SUMMARY All the known species of Bruelia from Corvidae other than Corvus species are discussed, two sub-species and six new species are described. The species of previous authors are redescribed and figured. LIST OF SPECIES DISCUSSED (Type host in bold type and synonyms in brackets) i. Bruelia biguttata (Kellog & Paine), 1914. Pyrrhocorax g. graculus. Pyrrhocorax p. pyrrhocorax. Pyrrhocorax p. pontifex. Pyrrhocorax p. himalayanus. BRUELLA (MALLOPHAGA) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 405 2. Bruelia biguttata docilis new subspecies. Pyrrhocorax p. docilis. 3. Bruelia biocellata (Piaget), 1880. Pica p. leucoptera. Pica p. htidsonia. Pica p. nuttalli. Pica p. bactriana. Pica p. sericea. (Bruelia nigropicta (Carriker), 1902.) Pica p. hudsonia. 4. Bruelia clayae new species. Cyanocitta cristata cristata. 5. Bruelia deficiens (Piaget), 1885. Cyanopica cyanus cooki. Aphelocoma c. californica. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis. (Bruelia ampullata (Piaget), 1885.) Cyanopica cyanus cooki. 6. Bruelia glandarii (Denny), 1842. Garrulus g. rufitergum. Garrulus g. glandariiis. Garrulus g. theresae. Garrulus g. krynicki. 7. Bruelia glandarii perisoreus new subspecies. Perisoreus i. infaustus. 8. Bruelia hamatofasciata (Piaget), 1890. (Penelopides manilae (error)). 9. Bruelia hopkinsi new species. Xanthoura yncas galeata. 10. Bruelia husaini new species. Urocissa flavirostris cuculata. Urocissa melanocephala occipitalis. 11. Bruelia koslovae (Clay), 1936. Podoces biddulphi. Podoces hendersoni. 12. Bruelia meinertzhageni new species. Dendrocitta rufa vagabonda. 406 BRUELLA (M ALLOPH AG A) SPECIES INFESTING THE CORVIDAE 13. Bruelia multipunctata (Clay), 1936. Nucifraga caryocatactes multipunctata. 14. Bruelia nitzschi Keler, 1938. Cyanocorax cyanomelas. 15. Bruelia olivacea (Burmeister) , 1838. Nucifraga c. caryocatactes. 16. Bruelia zavattariornis new species. Zavattariornis stresemanni. 17. Bruelia zohrae new species. Philostomus afer. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED, BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE (LEPIDOPTERA : DREPANIDAE) ALLAN WATSON BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 4 No. 9 LONDON: 1957 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE (LEPIDOPTERA : DREPANIDAE) BY ALLAN WATSON Pp. 407-500 ; PL 2-3 ; Text-figures 1-155 BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 4 No. 9 LONDON: 1957 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 4, No. 9 of the Entomological series. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued January, 1957 Price Thirty Shillings A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE (LEPIDOPTERA : DREPANIDAE) By ALLAN WATSON SYNOPSIS In the following paper all previously known species of the genus have been redescribed, eleven new species and eleven new subspecies have been described and various taxonomic problems unravelled. Drawings of the genitalia of each species have been given, where possible of both sexes. Photographs of the upperside of the whole insect have been prepared for those species which have not been satisfactorily photographed or otherwise illustrated before and for eight of the new species. INTRODUCTION History The genus was created by Swinhoe (1895) for part of Hampson's (1893) Section III of Drepana Schrank. Swinhoe included Drepana albonotata Moore, D. sadana Moore, D. xanthoptera Hampson and D. vira Moore but did not designate a type species. Warren (1896) added Tridrepana septempunctata, T. argentistriga and T. trisulcata ; (1897) T. subobliqua and T. diluta ; (1903) T. fulvata ab. olivacea and fulvata ab. fasciata. Swinhoe (1905) added adelpha. It may be noted here that Nagano (1917) created a monotypic genus Konjikia with type species D. crocea Leech to which Matsumura (1921) added arikana, In the revision of the Indo-Australian species of the genus, Warren (1922) cited the generic name as Iridrepana (sic): this can be regarded as an erroneous subsequent spelling. Warren designated D. albonotata Moore as the type species and listed the following species : T. falcipennis Warren, D. fulvata Snellen, T. semirufa Warren (including T. semirufa elegans Warren), T. examplata Warren, T. cervina Warren, T. tristigma Warren, D. sera Warren, T. septempunctata Warren (including T. septempunctata pervasata Warren), D. rubromarginata Leech, T. obliquitaenia Warren, D. sadana Moore, T. adelpha Swinhoe, D. fulva Hampson, D. flava Moore, D. postica Moore, Agnidra ferrea Hampson, T. melliflua Warren, T. argentistriga Warren, D. quadripunctata Walker, T. diluta Warren, T. subobliqua Warren, T. trisulcata Warren, T, trilinearia Warren, T. glaciata Warren and T. mediata Warren. He also correctly sank xanthoptera Hampson to postica Moore and raised olivacea Warren and fasciata Warren to specific rank : vira Moore he removed to Albara Walker. ENTOM. 4, Q. 24 410 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE Gaede (1931) listed all those species mentioned by Warren (1922) but relegated to infrasubspecific level T. fasciata Warren and T. olivacea Warren which became " abberations " of fulvata Snellen, and T. septempunctata pervasata Warren which became a " variety " of septempunctata Warren. He also sank Callidrepana ochrea Butler to D. albonotata Moore (correctly) and C. lunulata Butler to D. fulvata (incorrectly) ; no mention was made of T. semirufa elegans Warren. Bryk (1943) added T. glaciata aurorina and T. adelpha matronalis. Treatment As the relevant literature has not been adequately summarized previously, the bibliographies have been made to include all references of nomenclatural importance. The diagnosis placed below each description is purely differential and distinguishes the taxon from others with which it is likely to be confused. Where a species is polytypic, a species diagnosis is given after the description of the subspecies placed first in the text (usually the nominate race). Measurements are recorded in the following form : (a) mean wing-span (twice distance between apex of fore wing and centre of the thorax), (b) range of measure- ments of wing span, and (c) number of specimens measured. Where areas of colour were large enough to allow an accurate assessment, they have been described by the use of the colour atlas compiled by Villalobos-Dominguez and Villalobos (1947). All the drawings, which in most cases are of type specimens, were made by pro- jecting an image of the slide onto the drawing surface : the drawings are of a ventral view unless otherwise stated. The scale placed near each drawing or group of drawings represents one millimetre : drawings of the various parts of the male genitalia of a given taxon are always to the same scale. Material Apart from the large collection of the genus in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) including much material from the Rothschild collection and the collection from the Federated Malay States Museum, further important material and type specimens have been kindly lent to me by the following institutions : Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin-Friedrichshagen; Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford ; Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles; Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen ; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris ; Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna ; Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stock- holm ; Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic, Leiden ; Zoologisches Forshung- sinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn ; Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin. Type specimens are in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) unless otherwise stated. All types have been examined except for the type of arikana Matsumura which is presumably in Japan, and that of sadana Moore which is probably lost (see Horn and Kahle (i935~i937))- A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 411 A cknowledgments My grateful thanks are due to the following gentlemen who kindly arranged loans of material through their respective institutions : Professor Dr. H. Sachtleben, Professor G. C. Varley, Mr. E. Taylor, Dr. A. Collart, Professor W. Roepke, Dr. P. Viette, Dr. Schonmann, Dr. R. Malaise, Dr. A. Diakonoff, Dr. H. Hone and Professor Dr. E. M. Hering. I am especially grateful to Dr. H. Hone who placed at my disposal the whole of his invaluable Oriental collection. Species removed from Tridrepana Swinhoe Five species catalogued under Tridrepana Swinhoe by Gaede (1931) must be removed from the genus. Three of these species can be placed in Strepsigonia Warren, resulting in the following new binomina : Strepsigonia diluta (Warren), 1897, Novit. zool. 4 : 18. (COMB. NOV.) Strepsigonia subobliqua (Warren), 1897, Novit. zool. 4 : 18. (COMB. NOV.) Strepsigonia quadripunctata (Walker), 1862, /. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 6 : 175. (COMB. NOV.) The position of the remaining species, Drepanodes trilinearia Moore, 1867, Proc. zool. Soc.Lond.lS67: 61 8 and Tridrepana trisulcata Warren, 1896, Novit. zool. 3: 340, is doubtful : they are closely related to each other and to Drepana pulvis Oberthiir. None of the above species can be correctly placed in Drepana Schrank however. Tridrepana Swinhoe Tridrepana Swinhoe, 1895, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 1895 : 3. Type by subsequent designation, Drepana albonotata Moore (Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 464). Tridrepana Swinhoe, Warren, 1896, Novit. zool. 3 : 339. Tridrepana Swinhoe, Warren, 1903, Novit. zool. 10 : 346. Tridrepana Swinhoe, Swinhoe, 1905, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 16 : 620. Tridrepana Swinhoe, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 28. Tridrepana Swinhoe, Gaede, 1933, Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Belg. 9, No. 43 : i. Tridrepana Swinhoe, Bryk, 1943, Ark. Zool. 34A, No. 13 : 15. Iridrepana (sic) Swinhoe, Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 464. Iridrepana (sic) Swinhoe, van Eecke, 1929, Zool. Meded. 12 : 77. Konjikia Nagano, 1917, Bull. Nawa ent. Lab. 2 : 39. Type by original designation and monotypy, Drepana crocea Leech. Konjikia Nagano, Matsumura, 1921, Thous. Ins. Japan Addit. 4 : 949. Drepana Schrank, Moore, 1865, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865 : 816. Drepana Schrank, Snellen, 1876, Tijdschr. Ent. 20 : 19. Drepana Schrank, Moore, 1879, Descr. Lep. Atk. p. 83. Drepana Schrank, Cotes and Swinhoe, 1887, Cat. Moths India p. 184. Drepana Schrank, Leech, 1888, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1888 : 648. Drepana Schrank, Hampson, 1892, Fauna Brit. India Moths 1 : 333. Drepana Schrank, Warren, 1896, Novit. zool. 3 : 272. Drepana Schrank, Hampson, 1897, /. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. (2) 11 : 287. Drepana Schrank, Leech, 1898, Trans. R. ent. Soc. 1898 : 365. Drepana Schrank, Dudgeon, 1899, /. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. (4) 12 : 651. Drepana Schrank, Hampson, 1910, /. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. (T) 20 : 98. Drepana Schrank, Strand, 1911, Gross-Schmetterl. 2 : 201. Drepana Schrank, Gaede, 1931, Lepid Cat. 49 : 17. 412 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE Callidrepana Felder, Butler, 1886, ///. Lep. Brit. Mus. 6:17. Callidrepana Felder, Butler, 1887, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 : 224. Callidrepana Felder, Cotes and Swinhoe, 1887, Cat. Moths India, p. 186. Callidrepana Felder, Kirby, 1892, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. p. 730. Callidrepana Felder, Swinhoe, 1895, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Land. 1895 : 3. Platypteryx Laspeyres, Kirby, 1892, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. p. 730. Albara Walker, Kirby, 1892, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. p. 734. Type species Drepana albonotata Moore DESCRIPTION : MALE. Palp slender, upcurved to just above labrum, yellow. Antenna strongly bipectinate and plumose from base to near apex, longest antennal pectination longer than greatest diameter of eye except in rectifascia ; yellow, often irrorated proximally with brown. Head reddish brown immediately anterior to antennae, rest of head yellow or orange. Thorax usually with narrow whitish anterior border (scales of anterior part of patagia) ; rest of thorax and abdomen as for ground colour of corresponding surfaces of wings except in suUusmaculata. Patagia small. Tegulae well developed, extending posteriorly nearly to apex of V-shaped suture of mesothorax. Fore wing weakly to strongly falcate apically, outer margin straight or slightly convex. R t arising from between one-half and two-thirds length of areole (free, from cell in flava) ; R 2 from near end or areole ; R 4 anastomosing with R 3 , and sometimes with base of R 2 , to near apex of wing, forming areole ; R 4 stalked with R 5 ; R 5 usually stalked with Mj ; remaining veins as in Text-fig. I. Ground colour of upperside of fore wing usually yellow but brown in mediata, olivacea and cervina ; frequently lustrous. Proximal part of costa usually darker than rest of wing. Wing markings (except for melliflua) usually reddish-brown except for medial spots and distal edge of anterior part of subterminal ; antemedial always present ; combination of two or more medial spots usually present, usually whitish edged with brown (Text-fig, i) ; additional spots sometimes present at end of cell posterior to latter spots, especially in species group sadana ; brown medial shade present in most species groups ; postmedial simple or double, usually lunulate ; subterminal usually well marked and darker than other wing markings, individual markings greatly enlarged in anterior part of wing and edged distally with whitish scales ; marginal shade usually present between anterior part of subterminal and outer margin ; fringe of outer margin similar in colour to adjacent region of wing (entirely dark in marginata). Ground colour of upperside of hind wing similar to fore wing. Colour and pattern of markings similar to fore wing but usually with only posterodistal and discocellular spot present, subterminal markings (sometimes absent) not enlarged anteriorly, and medial shade usually absent. Hind wing with Sc+Ri approximating to Rs for short distance distal to end of cell in most species of species group fulvata but anastomosing for short distance with Rs in remaining species groups and in most specimens of melliflua and acuta. Underside of fore wing always yellow, usually slightly lustrous ; medial spots and anterior part of postmedial usually moderately well marked ; fringe of outer margin as for upperside. Patch of dark brown, thickened scales (possibly sensory) at base of cell in species group A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 413 crocea, and in microcrocea and rectifascia. Frenulum usually not or only slightly clavate apically ; strongly clavate in marginata and rectifascia. Ground colour of hind wing as for fore wing ; without markings in species groups fulvata, albonotata, crocea, olivacea and postica ; discocellular and posterodistal spot usually well marked in species group sadana ; discocellular and posterodistal spot and anterior part of distal postmedial line strongly marked in flava. ANTERODISTAL SPOT DISCOCELLULAR s SPOT MID-CELL SPOT POSTERODISTAL SPOT FIG. i. Fore wing of Tridrepana fulvata (Snellen). FEMALE. As for male but with following differences. Larger. Longest antennal pectination usually shorter than greatest diameter of eye, sometimes just longer than diameter of antennal shaft at that point. Outer margin of fore wing usually slightly or moderately convex. GENITALIA : MALE. Saccus usually well developed, small in species group sadana. Valve small and rounded in species group sadana with longitudinal sulcus along middle of outer surface and corresponding ridge on inner surface ; valves usually widely separated medially. Valve moderately small in postica and argentistriga ; usually large in remaining species, with inner surface variously lobed and spined and usually densely hairy, outer surface slightly hairy, and dorsal margin slightly dilated basad ; valves usually contiguous medially. Anellus poorly developed in species groups postica, sadana and flava ; moderately well developed in species group crocea ; usually strongly developed dorsal and lateral to base of aedeagus in remaining species groups, variously shaped and ornamented. Gnathus usually 414 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE well developed ; medial pad usually present, spinose or tuberculate and produced posteriorly as free sub-anal flap in species groups albonotata, olivacea and most of crocea ; sometimes with variously shaped lobes and processes medially ; lateral arm on either side of medial structures usually well developed. Tegumen well developed. Socius hairy, usually small and rounded ; long in rectifascia and species groups crocea and flava. Uncus bifurcate posteromedially, usually hairy, variously shaped. Aedeagus usually with inner and outer cornutus (Text-fig, n) and spinose vesica ; species groups postica (except for rectifascia) and sadana without cornuti ; inner cornutus alone present in flava. Eighth sternite forming part of genitalic apparatus, usually strongly developed and often bilobed posteriorly, apodemes long ; less strongly developed in species group sadana (except for marginata) , with short apodemes. Eighth tergite forming dorsal shield over rest of genitalic structures, usually sub-quadrate, slightly tapered posteriorly ; apodemes moderately well developed in most species groups but small in species group sadana (except for marginata). FEMALE. Preostial sternite usually hairy or minutely spinose ; concave plate or plates present in species group albonotata ; submembranous lobe on either side in species group olivacea. Bursa copulatrix with pair of signa or without signa. Ductus bursae long and sculptured in most species groups, shorter and unsculptured in species groups postica and sadana ; ostium with operculum in few species. Spermatheca nearly spherical ; unornamented and with short spermathecal duct in species groups postica and sadana and most of albonotata ; radially ornamented and with long duct in remaining species. Ostial segment usually well developed, sometimes produced posterodorsally over ovipositor lobes : submembranous lobe present on either side in species group olivacea. Two pairs of ovipositor lobes usually present : papillate and hairy ventral pair, not united with each other medially ; dorsal pair usually partially fused with each other medially, some- times forming hood over ventral lobes, less distinctly papillate and hairy. Addition- al one or more pairs of lobes associated with above lobes in some species. DISTRIBUTION. Species group fulvata occurs in the whole of the Oriental region and in the Austro-Malayan subregion : the Phillippines, Celebes and Buru all possess a single peculiar species and two species are peculiar to New Guinea ; one species occurs in both the Indian and Indo-Malayan subregions, and one in both the Indian and Indo-Chinese subregions. The range of species group albonotata is similar to that of fulvata ; obscura is apparantly peculiar to Bali and Java, and aequinota to Buru. In the species group crocea, one species occurs in both the Indo- Chinese subregion and in Japan (Manchurian subregion) and one in both the Indian and Indo-Malayan subregions. All the species of species group olivacea are confined to New Guinea and associated islands. Species group postica occurs in the Indian and Indo-Malayan subregions and in Celebes ; rectifascia is peculiar to the Philip- pines. The nine species of species group sadana are found only in the Indian and Indo-Chinese subregions. T. flava occurs in the Indian and Indo-Malayan subregions and in Celebes. The wide distribution of the polytypic albonotata is worthy of note, the species A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 415 occurring in each subregion of the Oriental region, and in Celebes. Together with aequinota and mediata the species forms a single extensive superspecies. The forms from Celebes and Bum, which in every case are peculiar species or subspecies (Celebes has one peculiar species and three peculiar subspecies, and Buru two peculiar species), are more closely related to the Oriental than to the Australasian fauna, no New Guinea species being found in either island. Further material from the Lesser Sundas and the Moluccas would be interesting in determining the zoogeographical boundary between the above faunas. Only one species, crocea, extends into the Palaearctic, the species occurring in Japan as well as in certain south-eastern provinces of China. The paucity of the material from South Burma, Indochina, Siam and North Malaya does not allow conclusions to be made regarding the boundaries separating the Indian, Indo-Chinese and Indo-Malayan elements of the genus ; nor is it possible to comment upon the apparent distinctness of the Ceylonese representatives until further material is available. DISCUSSION. Throughout most of the genus the male genitalia provides the most useful and constant diagnostic characters. In the species group sadana, however, the genitalic differences bet^ een males of related species are much smaller and less important diagnostically than the colour pattern of the wings, which without exception provides adequate and reliable characters. A classification based only on male genitalia characters would undoubtedly require the above species group to be separated from the remaining groups ; separation, however, would serve no useful purpose and its affinities with the rest of the genus, based on external characters, are obvious. Both sexes of fulvata and lunulata occur in one of two colour forms : one with the ground colour of the upperside of the fore wing entirely yellow, and the other with a reddish-brown medial shade on the fore wing. The latter form is apparently less common than the former. In olivacea (male) there are again two distinct colour forms, one similar to the shaded or banded form of the species mentioned above, and the other with the upperside of both wings brown : in this case, the brown specimens outnumbered the yellow in the material examined. The only specimen of cervina available for study belonged to the brown form of the species. KEY TO SPECIES GROUPS i . Hind tibia with one pair of spurs ........ 2 Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs ....... (flava) 47 2 (i) Upperside of fore wing with mid-cell spot ....... 3 Upperside of fore wing without mid-cell spot ...... 6 3 (2). Upperside of fore wing with anterodistal spot .... (fulvata gr.) 7 Upperside of fore wing without anterodistal spot ...... 4 4 (3). Postmedial of upperside of hind wing double, at least near inner margin; post- medial of underside of fore wing corresponding to distal postmedial of upper- side 5 Postmedial of upperside of hind wing simple ; postmedial of underside of fore wing simple, corresponding to postmedial of upperside , . (olivacea gr.) 32 416 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 5 (4). Upperside of fore wing with medial shade, underside of male with dark patch of scales at base of cell ........ (crocea gr.) 28 Fore wing without such medial shade or dark patch . . . (sadana gr.) 38 6 (2). Postmedial of upperside of hind wing double, lunulate . . (albonotata gr.) 18 Postmedial of upperside of hind wing simple, non-lunulate . . (postica gr.) 35 N.B. The remainder of the key is based on male characters only, except in species groups postica and sadana where the key applies to both sexes. SPECIES GROUP fulvata 7 (3)- Upperside of fore wing with white mid-cell spot (PI. i, fig. 4) . . . trialba Upperside of fore wing with brown mid-cell spot ...... 8 8 (7). Upperside of both wings without dark brown markings .... melliflua Upperside of both wings with dark brown markings ..... 9 9 (8). Male genitalia as in Text-fig. 32 ....... (arikana) 10 Male genitalia not as above ... ...... 1 1 10 (9). Outer lateral surface of each posterior process of uncus with strongly toothed carina . ........ arikana falcipennis Uncus only weakly carinate laterally, with single small tooth . . arikana arikana 11 (9). Posterior process of anellus concave ventrally (Text-figs. 2, 6) . . (fulvata) 12 Posterior process of anellus convex ventrally . . . . . . 13 12(11). Male genitalia as in Text-fig. 2 ....... fulvata fulvata Male genitalia as in Text-fig. 6 ....... fulvata brevis 13 (n). Uncus with long apically bifurcate ventral arms, and rounded dorsal lobes (Text-figs. 10, 14) (lunulata) 14 Uncus not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 14 (13). Male genitalia as in Text-fig. 10 . lunulata fasciata Male genitalia not as above . ........ 15 15(14). Male genitalia as in Text-fig. 14 lunulata prolata Male genitalia not as above (anellus probably bifurcate) . . lunulata lunulata 1 6 (13). Gnathus with strongly sclerotized posterior flange ; uncus bisigmoid in shape (Text-fig. 19) sigma Male genitalia not as above ... . . .... 17 17(16). Posterior process of anellus sharply pointed (Text-fig. 20) .... acuta Posterior process of anellus spatulate (Text-fig. 28) .... spatulata SPECIES GROUP albonotata 1 8 (6). Underside of fore wing with patch of dark scales at base of cell . microcrocea Underside of fore wing without such patch . . . . . . . 19 19(18). Upperside of both wings brown ........ mediata Ground colour of upperside of wings yellow ....... 20 20(19). Medial shade present on upperside of both wings . . . . . . 21 Medial shade only present on fore wing . . . . . . .22 21 (20). Eighth sternite deeply emarginate posteriorly (Text-fig. 50) . . albonotata ferrea Eighth sternite not emarginate (Text-fig. 51) . . . albonotata pervasata 22 (20). Upperside of fore wing with anterior markings of sub terminal only slightly larger than posterior markings (PI. i , fig. 8) ..... aequinota Anterior markings of subterminal much larger than anterior markings . . 23 23 (22). Upperside of fore wing with proximal postmedial line nearly straight posterior to M 3 (PI. i, fig. 1 1) sera Upperside of fore wing with proximal postmedial line lunulate posterior to M 3 , inflexed immediately posterior to Cu 2 ...... 24 24 (23). Male genitalia as in Text-fig. 6 1 ........ obscura Male genitalia not as above ,,,,,,,,, 25 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 417 25(24). Eighth sternite as in Text-fig. 39 ........ 26 Eighth sternite not as above . . . . . . . . .27 26 (25). Male genitalia as in Text-fig. 38 . . . . . . albonotata angusta Male genitalia as in Text-fig. 41 . . . . . . albonotata rotunda 27 (25). Posterior margin of eighth sternite deeply emarginate (Text-fig. 36) albonotata albonotata Posterior margin of eighth sternite not deeply emarginate (Text-fig. 44) albonotata celebesensis SPECIES GROUP cvocea 28 (5). Upperside of hind wing with strongly marked medial shade (PI. i, fig. 15) subtusmaculata Upperside of hind wing without medial shade ...... 29 29 (28). Gnathus with three sclerotized processes posteriorly (Text-figs. 77, 81) . . 30 Gnathus without posterior processes ..... (septempunctata) 31 30 (29). Anterior process of gnathus broad, terminating in two prongs . . crocea Anterior process of gnathus narrow, pointed ..... unispina 31 (29). Socius with short inwardly directed process at base septempunctata septempunctata Socius without such process ...... septempunctata nitidior SPECIES GROUP olivacea 32 (4). Upperside of fore wing with narrow medial shade (pi. 49^, Gross-Schmetterl. 10.) ........... obliquitaenia Upperside of fore wing with broad medial shade (PI. i, figs. 13, 14) . . 33 33 (32). Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 93-95 ....... examplata Male genitalia not as above ....... (olivacea) 34 34 (33). Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 96-98 ...... olivacea olivacea Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 99-101 ...... olivacea, crocata SPECIES GROUP postica 35 (6). Subterminal fascia present on upperside of hind wing ..... 36 Subterminal fascia absent on upperside of hind wing . . (argentistriga) 37 36 (35). Upperside of fore wing with anterior Subterminal markings greatly enlarged (PI. 2, fig. 4) ; underside with patch of dark thickened scales at base of cell rectifascia Upperside of fore wing with anterior markings of Subterminal equal in size to posterior markings (PI. 2, fig. i) ; underside without dark patch at base of cell ............ postica 37 (35)- Upperside of fore wing with whole of Subterminal well marked (PI. 2, fig. 2) ; upperside of hind wing without non-lustrous band between postmedial and outer margin ........ argentistriga argentistriga Upperside of fore wing with posterior Subterminal markings absent (PI. 2, fig. 3) ; upperside of hind wing with non-lustrous band between postmedial and outer margin ....... argentistriga brevilinea SPECIES GROUP sadana 38 (5). Upperside of fore wing and posterior half of hind wing irrorated with dark brown scales ........... thermopasta Upperside of wings not irrorated as above ....... 39 39 (38). Hind wing with posterior part of outer marginal fringe darker than rest of fringe (PI. 2, fig. n) . . . . . . . . . marginata Hind wing with outer marginal fringe unicolorous 40 4i8 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 40 (39). Upperside of hind wing with distal postmedial line only developed posterior to Cu 2 ............. 41 Upperside of hind wing with distal postmedial line well developed anterior to and posterior to Cu 2 . . T . . . . . . . 44 41 (40). Upperside of fore wing with faintly marked lunulate subterminal edged distally with lustrous whitish line ......... 42 Upperside of fore wing with subterminal not as above, only developed anterior to M 3 . 43 42 (41). Colour pattern of upperside strongly marked (PI. 2, fig. 8) ; with dark brown markings ........... sadana Colour pattern of upperside weakly marked ; without dark brown markings aurorina 43(41). Fore wing strongly falcate apically (PI. 2, fig. 6) ..... adelpha Fore wing moderately falcate apically (PI. 2, fig. 7) ..... finita 44 (40) . Upperside of hind wing with subterminal ...... maculosa Upperside of hind wing without subterminal ....... 45 45 (44). Ground colour of upperside of hind wing and proximal part of fore wing, light yellow .......... (rubromarginata) 46 Ground colour of upperside of both wings dull brownish orange (PI. 2, fig. 12) . fulva 46 (45). Upperside of fore wing with diffuse dark brown patch between Cu x and Cu 2 proximal to antemedial (PI. 2, fig. 5) .... rubromarginata indica Upperside of fore wing without such patch . . rubromarginata rubromarginata SPECIES GROUP flava 47 (i). Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 145, 146, 151 ...... flava flava Male genitalia not as above ......... 48 48(47). Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 148, 152 ..... flava contracta Male genitalia as in Text-figs. 150, 153. ...... flava unita Species group fulvata Snellen Except for arikana Matsumura, this group forms a remarkably homogeneous unit. Each species possesses four medial spots and a simple postmedial on the upperside of both wings. The anellus in the male genitalia is produced posteriorly as a long, free process, except in arikana Matsumura where this process is closely apposed to the medial part of the gnathus. In the female the spermatheca is radially ornamented, the signa slightly concave and the dorsal ovipositor lobes small. fulvata Snellen, lunulata Butler and arikana Matsumura are polytypic. fvlvata Snellen and lunulata Butler exhibit polymorphism. Tridrepana fulvata fulvata (Snellen) Drepana fulvata Snellen, 1876, Tijdschr. Ent. 20 : 19. Platypteryx fulvata (Snellen), Kirby, 1892, Syn. Cat. Lepid. Het. p. 731. Tridrepana fulvata (Snellen), Warren, 1903, Novit. zool. 10 : 346. Iridrepana fulvata (Snellen), van Eecke, 1929, Zool. Meded. 12 : 77. Tridrepana fulvata (Snellen), Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 29. Iridrepana albonotata (Moore), Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 464. Callidrepana lunulata Butler, van Eecke, 1929, Zool. Meded. 12 : 77. Callidrepana lunulata Butler, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 29. TYPE. Type not designated by Snellen. Species described from Java material, A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 419 DESCRIPTION : MALE. 37-2, 30-0-38-0 mm. (25). Outer surface of palp, and head between and posterior to antennae, OOY-i5-n ; head anterior to antennae, 008-5-12, to OY-i9-5 above labrum ; antenna OOY-i7/i8-i2, proximal inner pectinations sometimes irrorated with OOS-5-I2 , longest pectination about one and a quaiter times greatest diameter of eye. Thorax with narrow whitish anterior border ; rest of thorax and abdomen OOY-i7/i8-i2 above, OY-i9~5 below. Fore wing moderately falcate apically ; outer margin straight except at apex. R t usually from between one-third and one-half areole ; R 2 from near end of areole, usually from just distal to end ; M x usually stalked with R 5 . Ground colour of upperside of fore and hind wing as for thorax. Fore wing with proximal half of costa irrorated with OOY-6-8 ; antemedial from one-sixth costa, bent inwards at posterior margin of cell to just over one-quarter inner margin of wing ; mid-cell spot and anterodistal spot, both 0-4-10 ; whitish discocellular spot sometimes edged with OOY-i7-i2 ; white posterodistal spot edged with 0-4-10 ; large ovate spot posterior to latter spot and contiguous with it, O-io-i2, usually faintly edged with 0-4-10, variable in size but usually extending posteriorly to midway between Cuj and Cu 2 ; postmedial simple, from three-quarters costa, sinuous at first then arched round end of cell to just over half inner margin of wing ; subterminal expanded into dark spots anterior to M 3 (largest between M x and M 2 ) each edged distally with whitish patch ; sub- terminal continued posteriorly as short narrow dash between M 3 and Cu lf and Cu x and Cu 2 , with two similar dashes between Cu 2 and 2A ; marginal shade between anterior part of subterminal and outer margin from apex to Cu v O-io-5 ; fringe bordering marginal shade O~5-io. All fasciae 0-4-10. Wing irrorated with lustrous scales anterior to cell, from base to two-thirds ; all spots and fasciae lustrous, except for ovate spot immediately posterior to posterodistal spot, and dark part of subterminal markings between M t and M 3 . Hind wing with Sc + R x usually approximating to Rs distal to end of cell, sometimes touching at a point. Antemedial from one-quarter costa to one-third inner margin, indistinctly marked ; whitish discocellular spot ; posterodistal spot similarly coloured but edged with dark scales as in fore wing ; postmedial simple, from two-thirds costa to about two-thirds inner margin, interrupted at veins anterior to Cu 2 , lunulate between M 2 and Cu 2 ; subterminal of short interneural dashes. Colour of fasciae as for fore wing. Spots and fasciae lustrous, rest of wing non-lustrous. Underside of fore and hind wing OY-I9-I2 , slightly paler towards inner margin of fore wing. Fore wing with trace of discocellular spot and posterodistal spot ; anterodistal spot strongly marked ; anterior part of postmedial well marked as interneural dashes, 0-6-n ; anterior part of subterminal sometimes well marked, with marginal shade distally ; colour of fringe as for upperside ; other markings may show through faintly from upperside. Hind wing unmarked beneath but with upperside markings sometimes showing through. Ground colour and all markings of underside slightly lustrous. FEMALE. 39-1, 32-5-45-0 mm. (7). As for male but with following differences. Longest pectination of antenna equal in length to, or shorter than, greatest diameter of eye. Outer margin of fore wing slightly convex, not straight. Upper- 420 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE side of fore wing with dark spot posterior to posterodistal spot larger, usually touching Cu 2 posteriorly ; marginal shade between anterior part of subterminal and outer margin not extending posterior to M 3 ; wing lustrous posterior to cell and M 3 , from base to immediately proximal to subterminal, paler and more distinctly lustrous distally. Upperside of hind wing with posterodistal spot more sharply edged with dark scales ; area of lustrous scales extending from base to postmedial. GENITALIA : MALE (Text-figs. 2, 3). Saccus long, digitate. Valve long, tapeied, arcuate. Anellus greatly developed ; rounded lobe on each side of base of aedeagus produced anterodorsally, bands fusing medially to form broad medial plate, then reflexed through nearly 360 and produced posteriorly as long, free, cymbiform process, concave ventrally. Gnathus forming subtriangular pad medially, covered with minute hair-like spines ; lateral arms well developed. Socius small. Uncus bifurcate posteriorly, with downcurved dorsal pair of arms, and apically emarginate ventral pair of arms. Aedeagus with inner and outer cornutus well developed ; vesica minutely spinose, with group of longer spines on side opposite outer cornutus. Eighth sternite emarginate posteromedially. Width at anterior margin of eighth tergite equal to least width of eighth sternite, slightly tapered to three-quarters of its length then widened again to posterior margin ; apodeme equal in length to half greatest width of tergite. FEMALE (Text-figs. 7, 8). Posterior margin of preostial sternite with minutely spinose patch medially. Bursa copulatrix with two nearly identical, scobinate ovate signa situated at opposite sides of bursa. Ductus bursae well sclerotized posteriorly. Ventral lip of ostium forming broad, bilobed operculum. Spermatheca with radial ornamentation proximally. Ostial segment greatly enlarged dorsally, bilobed posteriorly and produced over base of ovipositor lobes. Ventral ovipositor lobes heavily sclerotized basally, papillate and hairy posteriorly. Dorsal ovipositor lobes probably represented by two small posterior lobes. Banded form. MALE. As for male described above but upperside of fore wing with dark medial shade (0-9-12) between antemedial and postmedial fascia, except for small area immediately proximal to postmedial between M 3 and Cu 2 , sometimes extending proximal to the antemedial ; veins between end of cell and distal margin of shade lightly irrorated with lustrous scales ; costa bordering shade 0-6-7. FEMALE. As for female described above, but upperside of fore wing with whole of area between antemedial and postmedial fascia shaded with 0-9-12 ; hind wing lightly irrorated with same colour from near base to postmedial, most strongly marked distally. DIAGNOSIS. Differs from lunulata Butler and the remaining species of the species group in the shape of the uncus and the ventrally concave posterior process of the anellus in the male (Text-fig. 2, 3) : in the female the ostial segment is bilobed dorsally and produced over the base of the ovipositor lobes (Text-fig. 7, 8) . DISCUSSION. In the material examined, two males and one female from Java were of the banded form ; this dimorphism is closely paralleled in lunulata Butler. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 154). The race is distributed throughout Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo. Two females from Celebes may belong to this race. A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 421 MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : i $, N. Borneo, Mt. Mulu, 1-4,000 ft. Aug., Dec., '94, Hose coll.; 2 ?, Sarawak, Bidi, 1907-1908, C. J. Brooks ; 3 , Mihie Bay, xii.'gS, A. S. Meek ; 6 <$, 5$, Goodenough I., 2,500-4,000 ft., April, May, 1913, A. S. Meek ; i $, Goodenough I., xii.'gG, A. S. Meek. 13 FIG. 12. Tridrepana lunulata fasciata Warren, female. FIG. 13. T. lunulata lunulata (Butler), female. Tridrepana lunulata prolata ssp. n. Iridrepana fasciata Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 464. Iridrepana fulvata (Snellen), Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 464. TYPE. Holotype male, New Britain, Talesea, February 1925, A. F. Eichhorn ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 163. DESCRIPTION: MALE. (PI. 2, fig. i). 34-4, 30-0-37-0 mm. (9). As for fasciata, but with following differences. Upperside of fore wing with subterminal more 426 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE strongly marked and edged with lustrous scales, markings only slightly enlarged between R 5 and M 3 ; marginal shade between anterior part of subterminal and outer margin not extending posterior to M 3 ; dark spot posterior to posterodistal spot not extending to Cu t : hind wing lightly irrorated with lustrous scales from base to postmedial and short distance distal to postmedial posteriorly ; subterminal as for posterior part of same fascia in fore wing. FEMALE. 40-5, 39-0-42-0 mm. (2). As for male but with following differences. Longest antennal pectination equal to greatest diameter of eye. Outer margin of fore wing slightly convex ; upperside of base of fore wing, and area between end of cell and posterior part of postmedial, heavily irrorated with lustrous scales ; dark spot posterior to posterodistal spot lustrous, larger, sometimes touching Cu 2 . Hind wing strongly and more evenly irrorated with lustrous scales from base to sub- terminal. All spots and fasciae in both wings edged with irroration of lustrous scales. Lustrous areas paler as in fasciata female. Underside with anterior part of subterminal faintly marked in fore wing, but with no trace of other markings in either wing. GENITALIA. As for fasciata but with following differences. MALE. (Text-figs. 14, 15). Saccus slightly longer, digitate. Valves more widely separated from each other basad. Posterior, free process of anellus differently shaped. Medial part of gnathus elongate. Dorsal lobes of uncus small, inconspicuous. FEMALE. Signa, each without longitudinal sulcus. Dorsal ovipositor lobes with weakly developed medial division posteriorly. Banded form. MALE. Similar to corresponding fasciata form. DIAGNOSIS. Distinguished from fulvata, in both sexes, by the more strongly marked subterminal, the markings of which, however, are not so greatly enlarged 15 FIGS. 14 and 15. Tridrepana lunulata prolata ssp. n., holotype male. 14. Genitalia. 15. Eighth sternite. A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 427 anteriorly : lustrous scales of the ground colour surround each subterminal marking. GENITALIA : MALE. The elongate medial part of the gnathus, and the differently shaped uncus and anellus separate the race from fasciata. FEMALE. The ostial operculum is similar in shape to fasciata but the shape of the signa is closer to that of the nominate race. DISCUSSION. Two males examined were of the banded form : one from New Britain and one from Rook Island. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 154). New Britain and Rook Island. One male and one female (in Brit. Mus.) from tne Admiralty Islands, Manus, may belong to this race. MATERIAL EXAMINED. (BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : allotype ?, with same data as holotype, Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 273 ; 5c? paratypes, from type locality, January to April 1925, A. F. Eichhorn ; i $, 3 < paratypes, Rook Isl., July 1913, A. S. Meek. Tridrepana lunulata lunulata (Butler) (comb, nov.) Callidvepana lunulata Butler, 1887, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 19 : 224. pro parte Callidrepana lunulata Butler, Kirby, 1892, Syn. Cat. Lepid. Het. p. 730. pro parte Tridrepana fulvata (Snellen), Warren, 1903, Novit. zool. 10 : 346. pro parte Iridrepana fulvata (Snellen), Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 464. pro parte Iridrepana fulvata (Snellen), van Eecke, 1929, Zool. Meded. 12 : 77. pro parte Tridrepana fulvata (Snellen), Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 29. TYPE. Holotype female, Solomon Is., Alu (off S.E. coast of Shortland Is.)* DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS. FEMALE. 38-1, 38-0-38-2 mm. (2). Externally similar to prolata. (Badly worn specimens.) GENITALIA (Text-fig. 13). As for prolata but with smaller ostial operculum. MALE. Not known. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 154). Apart from the material mentioned below, sixteen specimens from Feni Is., Nissan Is., New Ireland, New Hanover and St. Matthias Is. (in Brit. Mus.) may also belong to this race. The genitalia of the males of the latter specimens is quite distinct from prolata in that the posterior process of the anellus is bifurcate. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (Nat. Hist.) : i $, Solomon Is., Bougaineville, May 1904, A. S. Meek. Tridrepana melliflua Warren Iridrepana melliflua Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 466 (as new name for crocea Leech, Hampson). (fig.) Tridrepana melliflua Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 29. TYPE. No type selected by Warren (see discussion below). DESCRIPTION : MALE. 33-0, 31-8-35-4 mm. (12). Outer surface of palp, and head between and posterior to antennae OOY-I5-I2 ; head anterior to antennae OOS-6-io, to OY-I9-I2 above labrum ; antennae as for fulvata. 428 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE Thorax with narrow whitish anterior border ; rest of thorax and abdomen OY-iS/ig-ia above, OY-ig-5 beneath. Shape of both wings as for fulvata. Venation similar to fulvata, but with R x usually arising from half areole in fore whig, and Sc + Rj usually anastomosing with Rs in hind wing. Ground colour of upper- side of both wings OY-iS/ig-iz ; no dark markings on either wing, spots and fasciae indicated by lustrous scales. Fore wing with costa darker than rest of wing, especially at base ; antemedial from one-quarter costa to two-fifths inner margin ; small mid-cell spot, discocellular spot and posterodistal spot ; sometimes with minute anterodistal spot ; postmedial from just over two-thirds costa to just over one-half inner margin, lunulate between Cuj and Cu 2 ; subterminal of single inter- neural dashes. Hind wing similarly marked but without mid-cell spot ; postmedial not distinctly lunulate between M 2 and Cu 2 ; posterior half of wing, from base to postmedial, lightly nrorated with lustrous scales. Underside of both wings OY-iQ- 12, slightly paler posteriorly in fore wing, and distally in both wings ; without markings. FEMALE. 39-2, 35-2-43-8 mm. (4). As for male but with following differences. Longest antenna! pectination equal in length to or just less than greatest diameter of eye. Upperside paler, OY-ig-n . Posterodistal cell spot extending posteriorly to Cuj. GENITALIA : MALE. (Text-figs. 17, 18). Saccus long, tapered. Valve long, arcuate, apically digitate ; strongly toothed sigmoid carina on ventral surface. Anellus similar to lunulata fasciata but with free posterior process acuminate, basal prongs long and strongly divergent. Medial part of gnathus ovate and minutely spinose anteriorly, heavily sclerotized and two-prcnged posteriorly ; lateral arms well developed. Socius small. Uncus with two pairs of arms : apically bifurcate dorsal pair, and smaller, bifurcate ventral pair. Inner cornutus about two-fifths length of aedeagus ; outer cornutus half length of inner ; vesica minutely spinose. Eighth sternite well sclerotized (see figure). Eighth tergite twice as long as its greatest width, slightly tapered posteriorly ; greatest width equal to least width of eighth sternite ; length of apodemes three-quarters greatest width of tergite. FEMALE. (Text-fig. 16.) As for lunulata fasciata but with following differences : ostium without operculum ; ostial segment reduced ventrally, but produced doi sally over base of ovipositor lobes ; both pairs of ovipositor lobes differently shaped ; ductus bursae differently shaped. DIAGNOSIS. One of the most easily distinguished species. The upperside of both wings is devoid of all dark markings, the spots and fasciae being indicated by lustrous scales of the ground colour. DISCUSSION. Warren (1922) created the Dame melliflua as a new name for " crocea Hmps. nee Leech ", presumably meaning Tridrepana crocea (Leech), Hampson. (i.e. a misdetermination by Hampson of specimens of the species now properly called melliflua Warren). The name melliflua then, was not a new name given by Warren to replace a junior homonym, but the name given by Warren to a then undescribed species. DISTRIBUTION. Dutch New Guinea. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : 6 i <$ paratype, Haldamulla, 11.34 '> r c? paratype, Kegalle, Nov, '09 ; i <$ paratype, Ceylon ; i <$, Ceylon, Uva, 6,000 ft., December. Tridrepana trialba sp. n. TYPE. Holotype male, W. Celebes, Paloe, G. Rangkoenau, 900 ft., Nov. 1936. J. P. A. Kalis ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 320. DESCRIPTION : MALE (PI. 2, fig. 4.) 3i.viii., 27-6-35-0 mm. (52). As for lunulata fasciata but with following differences. Upperside of fore wing with mid-cell spot white, not dark brown, edged with OOY-i6-i2 ; discocellular spot also edged with darker scales ; darker spot posterior to posterodistal spot larger, discoidal, usually extending to just beyond Cu x posteriorly ; shade between anterior part of sub- terminal and outer margin usually not touching M 3 posteriorly ; anterior markings of subterminal with whitish distal edges weakly marked or absent. Underside of fore wing with trace of posterodistal spot, discellular spot, and anterior part of postmedial ; subterminal developed anteriorly as interneutral spots, well marked between M x and M 2 . FEMALE. 38-0, 37-6-38-8 mm. (4). As for male, but with following differences. Longest antennal pectination equal to or just shorter than greatest diameter of eye. Outer margin of fore wing slightly convex, not straight. Upperside of both wings more lustrous, as for fasciata female. 432 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE GENITALIA : MALE. (Text-figs. 25, 26, 27.) Saccus moderately long, tapered. Valve long, arcuate, slightly tapered. Anellus forming hood-like lobe lateral to base of aedeagus ; each lobe produced anteriorly as flat plate, plates fused medially and produced posteriorly as in fasciata ; posterior process two-pronged. Gnathus with hamulate medial spinose process ; lateral arms expanded medially into flat plate. Socius small. Uncus bifurcate posteriorly ; each fork with down-curved, pointed apex, and long, tapered ventral arm. Aedeagus with inner and outer cornutus ; vesica with two main groups of spines, but without group opposite outer cornutus. Posterior margin of eighth sternite deeply emarginate. Eighth tergite just wider at its anterior margin than greatest width of tergite, slightly tapered from anterior margin to nearly half its length, then slightly widened again to posterior margin ; apodemes equal in length to nearly one-third anterior width of tergite. FEMALE (Text-figs. 23, 24). As for fasciata but with following differences. Minutely spinose area at posterior margin of preostial sternite more conspicuous, not extended laterally. Ostium without operculum. Ventral ovipositor lobes differently shaped. Glabrous part of dorsal ovipositor lobes broader, with slight posteromedial emargina- tion. 25 FIGS. 23 and 24. Tridrepana trialba sp. n., allotype female. 23. Ventral view of ostium and ovipositor lobes. 24. Dorsal view of ovipositor lobes. FIGS. 25-27. T. trialba sp. n., holotype male. 25. Aedeagus. 26. Eighth sternite. 27. Genitalia. A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 433 DIAGNOSIS. Distinguished from all other species of the species group by the white (not brown) mid-cell spot on the upperside of the fore wing. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 154). Celebes. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : allotype $, W. Celebes, Paloe, Sidaonta 4,500 ft., June 1937, J. P. A. Kalis, Genitalia slide No. 318 ; i $, ii <$ paratypes, 5 <$, with same data as holotype ; i $ paratype, i <$, Paloe Sidaonta, 4,500 ft., June 1937, J. P. A. Kalis ; 5 $ paratypes, 7 <, Paloe, Rangkoenau, 1,800 ft., Dec. 1936, J. P. A. Kalis ; 4 < paratypes, i , Luzon, Benguet, W. Schultze, Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 473. BRITISH 434 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : i 3 paratype, Luzon, Benguet, Palali, 2,000 ft., 26.xii.igi2, A. E. Wileman ; i < Luzon, Benguet, Klondyke, Camp i, 800 ft., i6.iv.igi2, A. E. Wileman ; i <$ paratype, Mindanao, Lanao, Kolambugan, sea level, 25.5.1^14, A. E. Wileman. FIGS. 28-30. Tridrepana spatulata sp. n., holotype male. 28. Genitalia. 29. Eighth sternite. 30. Aedeagus. FIG. 31. T. spatulata sp. n., allotype female, ostium and ovipositor lobes. FIGS. 32 and 33. T. arikana arikana (Matsumura), male. 32. Genitalia. 33. Eighth sternite. Tridrepana arikana arikana (Matsumura) (comb, nov.) Konjikia arikana Matsumura, 1921, Thous. Ins. Japan, Addit. 4 : 949. Drepana fulvata Snellen, Strand, 1915, Arch. Naturgesch. A12 : 164. TYPE. Type material presumably deposited at the University of Hokkaido, Japan ; not examined. Described from Formosa. DESCRIPTION : MALE (PI. 2, fig. 5). 37-2, 35-o~3g-4 mm. (2). As for lunulata fasciata, but with following differences. Forewing more strongly falcate. Upper- side of fore wing with mid-cell spot, anterodistal spot and discocellular spot all A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 435 diffusely edged with O-I2-6 ; dark spot posterior to posterodistal spot also diffusely edged with same colour ; subterminal less distinctly marked. GENITALIA : MALE (Text-figs. 32, 33). Saccus long, digitate. Valve moderately long, slightly arcuate, apically truncate. Anellus weakly sclerotized at base of aedeagus ; each side produced as in fasciaia, bands fused with each other medially and produced posteriorly as narrow band to anterior margin of gnathus, then sharply reflexed to form strongly sclerotized, two-pronged plate closely apposed to gnathus. Gnathus with long, conical, posteroventrally directed process medially, with small pad at its base covered with minute hair-like spines ; lateral arms broad medially, gradually tapered laterally. Socius small, broad. Uncus bifurcate posteriorly ; each fork tapered, bluntly pointed, apically downcurved, with small lateral tooth and long digitate ventral arm. Aedeagus with inner and outer cornutus ; vesica armoured with short spines. Posterior margin of eighth sternite deeply emarginate medially. Eighth tergite quadrate, very slightly constricted at middle, nearly tlnee times as long as its least transverse width, equal in width to greatest width of eighth sternite ; apodemes equal in length to one third width at anterior margin of tergite. FEMALE. Not known. DIAGNOSIS. Distinguished from other species of the species group by the more strongly falcate apex of the fore wing and the very distinctive genitalia. DISTRIBUTION. Formosa. A male from South China, Ling-ping (in Hone Coll., Zool. Forschungsinstitut, Bonn) probably belongs to this race. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : i <$ Formosa det. H. Inoue, 1954. DEUTSCHES ENTOMOLOGISCHES INSTITUT, BERLIN : i <$ Formosa, Alikang, Sauter, 09. Tridrepana arikana falcipennis Warren (comb, nov., stat. nov.) Iridrepana falcipennis Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 464. Tridrepana falcipennis Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lepid Cat. 49 : 29. TYPE. I select the following specimen as lectotype. Lectotype male, Bhutan, Sept. 1889, O. Moller ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 146. DESCRIPTION : MALE. 20-0 mm. (i). Similar to nominate race. (More material needed for accurate description.) FEMALE. 22-8 mm. (i). As for male. GENITALIA : MALE. Outer lateral surface of each posterior process of uncus with strongly toothed carina. FEMALE. (Abdomen missing.) DISTRIBUTION : Bhutan. One male from South China, Canton (in Zool. Mus., Berlin) appears to be more closely related to this race than to the Formosan race. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : syntype $, Bhutan, Sept. 1868, O. Moller. Species group albonotata Moore The combination of two medial spots on the upperside of the fore wing and a 436 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE double postmedial (at least posteriorly) on the upperside of the hind wing distinguishes this group of six species from the remaining species groups. In the male genitalia the anellus is well developed (except in microcrocea) , and the medial part of the gnathus can be divided into a convex strongly spinose or tuberculate anterior part, and a free posterior part forming a sub-anal flap. The spermatheca in the female genitalia is minutely scobinate with a very short duct and laminate signa in albonotata, mediata and aequinota ; in obscura and microcrocea the spermatheca is radially ornamented and its duct long (as in fulvata) ; in sera the spermatheca and duct are similar to obscura but the bursa copulatrix is without signa. The species albonatata, aequinota and mediata form a single superspecies. albonatata is polytypic, breaking up into six subspecies. Polymorphism is apparently absent, but it is interesting to note that the brown coloration of the upperside of all the specimens of mediata examined is paralleled in olivacea where both brown and yellow forms occur. microcrocea possesses a patch of dark thickened (sensory?) scales at the base of the cell on the underside of the fore wing in the male. Tridrepana albonotata albonotata (Moore) Drepana albonotata Moore, 1879, Descr. Lep. Atk. p. 83. Drepana albonotata Moore, Cotes and Swinhoe, 1887, Cat. Moths. India p. 184. Drepana albonotata Moore, Hampson, 1893, Fauna Brit. India Moths 1 : 340. Callidrepana albonotata (Moore), Kirby, 1892, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. p. 730. Drepana albonotata Moore, Hamson, 1897, /. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (2) 11 : 288. Drepana albonotata Moore, Dudgeon, 1899, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. (4) 12 : 654. Tridrepana albonotata (Moore), 1895, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 1895 : 4. Tridrepana albonotata (Moore), Gaede, 1931. Lepid. Cat. 49 : 28. Callidrepana ochrea Butler, 1886, ///. Lep. Brit. Mus. 6 : 17. (India : Darjeeling.) Callidrepana ochrea Butler, Cotes and Swinhoe, 1887. Cat. Moths India p. 186. Callidrepana ochrea Butler, Kirby, 1892, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. p. 730. Tridrepana fulvata (Snellen), Warren, 1903. Novit. zool. 10 : 346. Iridrepana glaciata Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 467. (Sikkim). (SYN. NOV.) Tridrepana glaciata Warren, Gaede, 1931. Lepid. Cat. 49 : 29. TYPE. The British Museum (Nat. Hist.) posseses a male labelled in Moore's own handwriting " Drepana albonotata Moore, type". This specimen, however, was collected from Darjeeling, not from the published type locality, " Mount Parisnath, Bihar ". DESCRIPTION : MALE. 31-2, 30-0-33-4 mm. (5). Outer surface of palp O-iy-n ; slightly paler inside. Head OOS-0,-12 , to O-i8-i2 above labrum ; Antenna OOY-i 8/19-11, bipectinate plumose, longest pectination one and one-quarter times as long as greatest diameter of eye. Thorax with narrow whitish anterior border ; rest of thorax and abdomen OY-ig-12 above, much paler beneath. Fore wing moderately falcate, outer margin straight except at apex ; venation as for fulvata. Ground colour of upper- side of both wings OOY-iS/ig-n . Costa of fore wing irrorated with 0-4-11 ; antemedial as for fulvata, O/OOY-i4-n ; whitish discocellular spot and similarly A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 437 coloured but larger posterodistal spot, both edged with 6-9-11 ; postmedial as for fulvata, slightly darker than antemedial, diffusely marked near costa, most strongly marked near inner margin ; diffuse medial shade, narrow posteriorly on either side of postmedial, widened anteriorly, extending from middle of costa to apex of wing, O/OOY-14-ii ; subteiminal as for fulvata, OOS-3-6 , anterior markings edged distally with whitish scales ; marginal shade distal to anterior part of subterminal extending posteriorly to between M 3 and Cuj, 0-9-11 ; fringe bordering shade similarly coloured. Whole of wing lustrous, except for narrow area proximal to subterminal and immediately distal to medial shade, area distal to subterminal posterior to M 3 , and dark markings of subterminal between R 4 and M 3 . Hind wing venation as for fulvata but with Sc + R x usually anastomosing with Rs distal to cell for short distance. Trace of antemedial, as in fulvata ; discocellular spot O/OOY-14-ii ; whitish posterodistal spot broadly edged with colour of latter spot ; postmedial fascia double ; strongly marked, slightly lunulate proximal line corresponding to postmedial of fulvata, and faintly marked non-lunulate distal line diverging at either end from proximal line ; subterminal as for fulvata. Colour of fasciae as for fore wing. Lustrous areas as for fore wing but whole of area distal to subterminal lustrous. Underside of both wings OY-I9-I2 , slightly paler posteriorly in fore wing. Fore wing : costa irr orated with O/OOY-i4-ii ; trace of anterior part of distal line of postmedial (not corresponding to more proximally situated line on upperside) and anterior part of subterminal. Hind wing unmarked. FEMALE. 40-8, 39-4-42-8 mm. (3). As for male, but with following differences. Antennae minutely bipectinate, each pectination with apical tuft of cilia, longest pectination just longer than diameter of antennal shaft at that point. Outer margin of fore wing convex, not straight. Upperside of fore wing sometimes with additional minute whitish spot on Cu x posterior to posterodistal spot. GENITALIA : MALE. (Text-figs. 36, 37.) Saccus moderately long, slightly tapered. Valve long, tapered slightly arcuate (small distal bulge absent in some specimens) . Anellus only developed lateral and dorsal to base of aedeagus : narrow lateral band on each side extending posteriorly, bands uniting with each other medially to form broad concave structure, scobinate posteriorly and minutely spinose anteriorly ; each lateral edge of latter produced dorsally as flattened lobe. Gnathus with medial, evaginate pad, covered ventrally with hair-like spines, produced posteriorly as free flap ; lateral arms well developed. Socius small, rounded. Uncus with bluntly pointed posterior shoulders ; bifurcate nearly to base medially, each arm slightly downcurved with flattened dorsolateral bulge near base. Aedeagus with inner and outer cornutus ; vesica minutely spinose (as for angusta). Eighth sternite as in figure. Eighth tergite quadrate, about one and a half times as long as its least transverse width, just narrower anteriorly than greatest width of eighth sternite ; slightly expanded from anterior margin to two-thirds of its length then tapered to posterior margin, laterally convex, posterior margin about three-quarters width of anterior margin. FEMALE (Text-figs. 34, 35). Preostial segment with minutely spinose patch posteriorly on either side of medial line and broad concave plate posterior to each patch. Bursa copulatrix large ; pair of signa, each strongly invaginate medially, 438 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE FIGS. 34 and 35. Tridrepana albonotata albonotata (Moore), female. 34. Ventral view. 35. Dorsal view. FIGS. 36 and 37. T. a. albonotata (Moore), male. 36. Eighth sternite. 37. Genitalia. laminate. Ductus bursae minutely scobinate for short distance anterior to opening of spermathecal duct, and rimose posterior to opening ; well sclerotized posteriorly. Ostium with lateral and anterior lobes. Spermatheca lightly and minutely scobinate ; duct short. Ostial segment greatly developed dorsally, trilobed posteriorly and produced over base of ovipositor lobes. Ventral ovipositor lobes well sclerotized basally, papillate and hairy posteriorly, each with small lateral A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 439 lobe. Dorsal ovipositor lobes united to form broad hood-like structure, slightly produced posterolaterally, weakly emarginate medially. DIAGNOSIS. Separated from obscura by the better denned colour pattern of the upperside and from microcrocea by the more extensive medial shade on the fore wing. Genitalia : in the male the shape of the uncus, and in the female the short spermathecal duct and absence of radial ornamantation on the spermatheca, distinguishes the species from those mentioned above. DISCUSSION. Apart from the " type speciman ", there is a further speciman of special interest : this is a female from the Atkinson Collection (in Zool. Mus., Berlin) labelled " Parisnath " (the type locality). The speciman is fortunately conspecific with the former. The male and female illustrated by Warren (1922) as albonotata, belong to fulvata brevis. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 155). Sikkim, N. India and Saigon. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : i $, Darjiling (holotype of ochrea Butler) ; i <, i $, Sikkim ; i <$, Sikkim, 4-7,000 ft., Moller ; i <, Sikkim, 1894, Chausseurs Indigenes, R. P. Bretaudeau ; i $, Darieeling, 1891, Mowis. MUSEUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE, PARIS : i , Saigon, vi.ign. ZOOL. MUSEUM, BERLIN : i $, Parisnath. Tridrepana albonotata angusta ssp. n. TYPE. Holotype male, S.E. Borneo, Samarinda, x.1938, M. E. Walsh ', Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 191. DESCRIPTION : MALE. 31-0, 28-0-32-4 mm. (14). As for nominate race but with following differences. Upperside of fore wing with anterior subterminal markings more distinct ; marginal shade distal to anterior part of subterminal, extending posteriorly to Cu x ; outer line of postmedial of hind wing more distinct anteriorly. Underside of fore wing with trace of posterodistal spot ; outer line of postmedial well marked between R 4 and M 3 ; anterior part of subterminal strongly marked between apex and M 2 , 6-5-6 ; marginal shade and fringe similarly coloured but paler. GENITALIA : MALE. (Text-figs. 38, 39, 40.) As for nominate race but with following differences. Larger of distal lobes on inner surface of valve sharply pointed. Posterior concave part of anellus larger and deeper, cup-like. Gnathus differently shaped medially. Posterior shoulders of uncus only slightly produced ; medial arms without dorsolateral bulge. Eighth sternite differently shaped posteriorly. FEMALE. Not known. DIAGNOSIS. Distinguished from the other races of the species chiefly by the shape of the uncus in the male genitalia. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 155). Borneo, Sumatra and Malaya. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : 3 $ paratypes, with same data as holotype; i <, B. N. Borneo, Kretam, 6.vii.i950, J. D. H. Hedley; i $ paratype, Sarawak, Bidi, 1907-1908, C. J. Brooks ; i <$ paratype, S. W. Sumatra, ENTOM. 4, Q. 26 440 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE Barisan Range, Western slopes, 2,500 ft., Oct.-Nov. 1931, C., F., and J. Pratt ; i <$, Sumatra, Dempo, 4,000 ft., vii.1923, C. J. Brooks ; i <$ paratype, Gunong Ijau, 2-3000 ft., iii.'gS, Butler; i $ paratype, Penang, 11/97, Curtis; 4 $ paratypes, i <$, Malay Penin., Selangor, Bukit Kutu, 3,300-3,500 ft., April 1926, Sept. 1932, 41 FIGS. 38-40. Tridrepana albonotata angusta ssp. n., holotype male. 38. Genitalia. 39. Eighth sternite. 40. Aedeagus. FIG. 41. T. a. rotunda ssp. n., holotype male, genitalia. H. M. Pendlebury ; 5 <$, Kuala Lumpur, Jan. 17, 22, Nov. 21, Oct, 25, 1921, 1931. LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL TE WAGENINGEN : i <$ paratype, O. Borneo, 13 Dec. 1936, Qu. de Quarles. NATURHISTORISCHES MUSEUM, VIENNA : 4 ^ paratypes, Malacca, Tras Pahang, 1912, Popp. Tridrepana albonotata rotunda ssp. n. TYPE. Holotype male, W. Bali, Mondoktoempang, 2,500 ft., October 1934, J. P. A. Kalis ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 180. DESCRIPTION : MALE. 34-8, 32-4-36-0 mm. (5). As for nominate race but with following differences. Anterior part of subterminal on upperside of fore wing more strongly marked, as in angusta. Posterodistal spot on hind wing may extend as minute streak along base of M 2 ; Outer line of postmedial well developed as in angusta. GENITALIA (Text-fig. 41). As for nominate race but with following differences. Lobe on inner surface near half length of valve, larger and dilated, not laterally flattened, sometimes with few teeth at apex. Anellus similar to angustu but with ventral margin of cup-like structure flat medially, not evenly convex. Medial part of gnathus differently shaped, similar to angusta but more sharply tapered anteriorly. Posterior shoulders of uncus evenly rounded, not bluntly pointed. Inner cornutus of aedeagus smaller (as for celebesensis) . Eighth sternite as for angusta. FEMALE. Not known. A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 441 DIAGNOSIS. The shape of the uncus shoulders and the gnathus distinguish this from the other races of the species. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 155). Bali. Two females from W. Java (in Rijksmuseum van Nat. Hist., Leiden), and two Females from E. Java (in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)) probably belong to this race. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : 3 ^ paratypes, with same data as type ; i <, E. Bali, Git-Git, 5,000 ft., April 1926, J. P. A. Kalis. Tridrepana albonotata celebesensis ssp. n. TYPE. Holotype male, W. Celebes, Paloe, G. Tompoe, 2,700 ft., Jan. 1937, J. P. A. Kalis ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 361. DESCRIPTION : MALE (PI. 2, fig. 6). 33-4, 30-0-36-2 mm. (29). As for nominate race but with following differences. Anterior part of subterminal on upperside of fore wing as for angusta, but with associated marginal shade not extending beyond M 3 posteriorly. Posterodistal spot on hind wing may extend a short distance along M 3 and for a shorter distance along M 2 ; usually with additional white streak along base of Cu x at end of cell ; distal line of postmedial usually only well marked posteriorly. Underside as for angusta. FEMALE. (PL 2, fig. 7). 43-6 mm. (i). As for male but with following differences. Antennae minutely bipectinate as in nominate race. Outer margin of fore wing slightly convex ; distal line of postmedial on upperside well marked anteriorly ; subterminal of both wings with more lustrous scales. GENITALIA : MALE (Text-figs. 44, 45, 46). As for nominate race but with following differences. Large, dilated, posterodorsally truncate lobe on inner surface of valve near apex. Cup-like part of anellus similar to angusta but slightly larger ; anterodorsal lobes more conspicuous. Gnathus similar to angusta but posterior flap narrower posteriorly. Socius truncate. Each medial process of uncus with conspicuous dorsolateral lobe near base. Aedeagus as for rotunda (Text-fig. 45). Eighth sternite with only trace of posteromedial emargination. Eighth tergite about one and a quarter times as long as its least transverse width, slightly less wide posteriorly than anteriorly. FEMALE (Text-figs. 42, 43). As for nominate race but with following differences. Preostial plates and spinose patches differently shaped. Ostial lobes as in figure. Medial lobe of dorsoposterior margin of ostial segment broader than lateral lobe. Dorsal ovipositor lobes larger, differently shaped. DIAGNOSIS. Distinguished from the other races of the species by the shape of the eighth sternite, valve and uncus in the male, and by the larger dorsal ovipositor lobes in the female. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 155). Celebes. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : allotype %, W. Celebes, Paloe, G. Tompoe, 2,700 ft., Feb. 1937, J. P. A. Kalis, Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 352 ; 2 $ paratypes, with same data as holotype ; 4 <$ paratypes, i <$, Paloe, Loda, 4,000 ft., May 1937, J. P. A. Kalis ; 2 $ paratypes, Paloe, Lindoe, 3,700 ft., 442 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 46 FIGS. 42 and 43. Tridrepana albonotata celebesensis ssp. n., allotype female. 42. Ventral view. 43. Dorsal view. FIGS. 44-46. T. a. celbesensis ssp. n., holotype male. 44. Eighth sternite. 45. Aedeagus. 46. Genitalia. April 1937, J. P. A. Kalis ; 7 $ paratypes, i c?, Paloe, Koelawi, 3,100 ft., March 1937, J. P. A. Kalis ; 12 $ paratypes, Paloe, Sidaonta, 4,500 ft., June 1937, J. P. A. Kalis. Tridrepana albonotata ferrea (Hampson) (stat. nov.) Agnidra ferrea Hampson, 1892, ///. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 9 : 69. Drepana ferrea (Hampson), Hampson, 1893, Fauna Brit. India Moths 1 : 341. Iridrepana ferrea (Hampson), Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 466 (fig.) Tridrepana ferrea (Hampson), Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 29. TYPE. Holotype male, Ceylon, Pundaloya ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 360. DESCRIPTION : MALE. 31-4, 30-8-36-4 mm. (4). As for nominate lace but with following differences. Fore wing more strongly falcate. Upperside of the fore wing A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 443 with more strongly marked medial shade, OOS-g-6 , extending nearly to antemedial proximally ; rest of wing OOY-i7-u ; anterior part of subterrninal more strongly marked as in angusta. Hind wing with similar medial shade. Underside of fore wing darker than in nominate race, OOY-i6-io ; discocellular spot strongly marked. Ground colour of hind wing also darker. FEMALE. 40-6, 39-4-41-6 mm. (3). As for male but with following differences. Antennae minutely bipectinate. Ground colour of uppeiside of both wings paler (but specimens worn), medial shade 6-4-7 an d rest of wing 0-17-11 ; sub- terminal with more lustrous scales. GENITALIA. As for nominate race but with following differences : MALE. (Text-figs. 48, 49). Valve shorter, greatly dilated apically and obliquely truncate posterodorsally. Cup-like part of anellus more strongly produced ventro- laterally. Medial part of gnathus differently shaped. Posterior shoulders of uncus much longer, downcurved ; medial processes diverge more strongly from each other posteriorly. Posterior margin of eighth sternite with broad, deep, medial emargination. FEMALE. (Text-fig. 47). Ostial margin not conspicuously lipped. Lateral lobes of posterior margin of ostial segment larger ; medial lobe poorly developed. Dorsal hood-like structure without posteromedial division into ovipositor lobes. FIG. 47. Tridrepana albonotata ferrea (Hampson), female, dorsal view of genitalia. FIGS. 48 and 49. T. a. ferrea (Hampson), male. 48. Genitalia. 49. Eighth sternite. FIGS. 50 and 51. T. a. pervasata Warren, holotype male. 50, Genitalia, i. Eighth sternite, 444 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE DIAGNOSIS. Separated from the other races of the species by the darker coloration and the presence of a medial shade in both fore and hind wing. GENITALIA i the shape of the eighth sternite and the uncus in the male, and the greatly enlarged dorsolateral lobes of the posterior margin of the ostial segment in the female, distinguish this from the other races. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 155). Ceylon. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : 4 $, i $, Ceylon, Maskeliya, February, April, June, J. P.; i ?, Ceylon. Tridrepana albonotata pervasata Warren (comb, nov.) Iridrepana septumpunctata pervasata Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 465. Tridrepana septumpunctata var. pervasata Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lepid Cat. 49 : 30. TYPE. Holotype male, Travancore, Place ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 186. DESCRIPTION : MALE. 30-0 mm. (i). As for ferrea but with ground colours of wings slightly less dark, and fore wing less strongly falcate. GENITALIA : MALE. (Text-figs. 50, 51). As for nominate race but with following differences. Valve similar to ferrea but less strongly dilated apically. Cup-like part of anellus with ventral corners weakly produced ; dorsal lobes also poorly developed. Medial part of gnathus differently shaped. Socius apically truncate. Uncus as for angusta but with medial process shorter. Eighth sternite truncate posteriorly, without medial emargination. Eighth tergite only slightly wider anteriorly than posteriorly. FEMALE. Not known. DIAGNOSIS. The shape of the eighth sternite readily distinguishes this from the nominate race. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 155). S. India. No material apart from the holotype available for study. Tridrepana aequinota sp. n. TYPE. Holotype male, Central Buru, Kako Tagalago, 2,700 ft., May '22, C., F., and J. Pratt ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 425. DESCRIPTION: MALE. (PI. 2, fig. 8). 33-1, 31-8-34-6 mm. (3). As for albonotata angusta but with following differences. Upperside of fore wing with base of costa irrorated with 0-13-11 ; antemedial and postmedial fasciae darker, OOS-3-8 ; discocellulai spot darker and larger, OOS-3-8 , without white centie ; posterodistal spot edged with OOS-3-8 ; anterior markings of subterminal not conspicuously enlarged, marking between M x and M 2 largest ; narrow marginal shade from apex to M 3 , OOS-5-I2 ; fringe bordering shade OOS-3-8 : hind wing with distal line of postmedial indistinct, not developed anteriorly ; posterodistal spot edged with darker scales as in fore wing. Underside of fore wing with well marked disco- cellular spot ; trace of subterminal anteriorly : posterodistal spot on hind wing shows through from upperside, A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 445 FIGS. 52 and 53. Tridrepana aequinota sp. n., holotype male. 52. Genitalia. 53. Eighth sternite. FIGS. 54-56. T. mediata Warren, male. 54. Genitalia. 55. Eighth sternite. 56. Aedeagus. FIGS. 57 and 58. T. mediata Warren, female. 57. Ventral view. 58. Dorsal view, 446 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE GENITALIA : MALE (Text-figs. 52, 53). Saccus moderately long, digitate. Valve arcuate, apically pointed : greatly dilated just proximal to apex, obliquely truncate posterodorsally (similar to albo. celebesensis) . Anellus similar to albonotata but much larger, posteroventral margin of cup-like structure strongly emarginate. Gnathus similar to albonotata. Socius small, rounded. Uncus as for albo. rotunda but much less broad. Aedeagus as for albo. albo. Eighth sternite deeply emarginate posteriorly (similar to albo. f erred]. Eighth tergite as for albo. albo. FEMALE. Not known. DIAGNOSIS. Distinguished from albonotata by the more uniformly marked sub- terminal on the upperside of the fore wing. DISCUSSION. As noted previously, this species belongs to the superspecies albonotata. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 155). Buru. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : 2 $ paratypes, with same data as holotype. Tridrepana mediata Warren Iridrepana mediata Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 467 (fig.)- Tridrepana mediata Warren, Gaede, 1931, Lepid Cat. 49 : 29. TYPE. Holotype female, Dutch New Guinea, up to 3,500 ft., nr. Oetakwa R., x.xii.igio, Meek ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 359. DESCRIPTION : MALE. 32-0, 29-4-33-4 mm. (5). Palps, and head between and posterior to antennae 0-15-12 ; head anterior to antennae OOS-8-ii, to OOY-i6- 9 above labrum ; antennae OOY-io-g , irrorated proximally with OOS-8-ii, shape as for albonotata. Thorax with narrow whitish anterior border ; rest of thorax and abdomen OOS- 9-5 above, OOY-i8-io below. Wing shape and pattern as for albonotata angusta. Ground colour of upperside of fore and hind wing as for thorax ; medial shade and outer margin shade of fore wing and fasciae of both wings slightly darker than ground colour. Ground colour of underside of both wings as for thorax ; anterior part of subterminal very weakly marked, sometimes only represented by single spot between R 5 and Mj_. FEMALE. 38-2, 34-2-42-2 mm. (12). As for male but with following differences. Antennae minutely bipectinate, as for albonotata. Outer margin of fore wing slightly convex, not straight. Ground colour of both wings usually paler, 0-14-7, so that all markings are more prominent. Underside also paler, OOY-iy-io ; sometimes without trace of subterminal. GENITALIA : MALE (Text-figs. 54, 55, 56). Saccus moderately long, slightly tapered. Valve long, broad, laterally flattened ; inner surface concave (similar to examplata) ; ventral margin dilated apicad, irregularly carinate. Anellus forms narrow band on each side of base of aedeagus ; these unite posteriorly, dorsal to aedeagus, forming anteroposteriorly flattened structure. Gnathus similar to albonotata, medial part tuberculate anteriorly. Socius short. Uncus with sharply A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 447 pointed posterior shoulders ; medially bifurcate, each arm downcurved, carinate and slightly dilated ventrally from base to two-thirds of its length. Aedeagus with inner and outer cornutus, inner only half length of outer ; vesica minutely spinose. Eighth sternite deeply emarginate posteriorly. Eighth tergite just wider transversly at its base than least width of eighth sternite, slightly tapered posteriorly, about twice as long as its greatest width ; apodemes from one-quarter to one-third width of anterior margin of tergite. FEMALE. (Text-figs. 57, 58). Posterior margin of preostial sternite with minutely spinose patch and sclerotized plate on either side of medial line. Bursa copulatrix, spermatheca and corresponding ducts as for albonotata. Ostium without operculum. Ostial segment heavily sclerotized anteriorly ; produced dorsally over base of ovipositor lobes. Anterior apophyses minute JOT absent. Posterior apophyses very strongly developed. Ventral ovipositor lobes large. Dorsal ovipositor lobes small. DIAGNOSIS. The dark brown colour of the male and the paler brown of the female readily distinguish the species from albonotata. DISCUSSION. As noted previously, this species is placed in the superspecies albonotata. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 155). Distributed throughout New Guinea, extending to Goodenough Is. and Sudest Is. in the south-west. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : i <, Dutch New Guinea, Central Arlak Mts., Ninay Valley, 3,500 ft., Feb. and March '09 (labelled " type <$ " by Warren, but not mentioned in original description) ; i 9, Fak-Fak, 1,700 ft., Dec. '07, Pratt ; 2 $, B. New Guinea, Dinawa, 4,000 ft. Sept. 1902, Coll. A. E. Pratt ; 3 ., Hydrographer Mts., 2,500 ft., Jan., Feb., March, 1918, Eichhorn Bros. ; i 9, Collingwood Bay, Haidana, April 1907, A. S. Meek ; i 9. Goodeough Isl., 2,500-4,000 ft., May 1913, (syntype 9 of semirufa ab. olivacea Warren) ; i <$, Goodenough Isl., 2,500-4,000 ft., A. S. Meek ; i <$, 5 9, Sudest Isl., Mt. Riu, 2,000 ft., March, April 1916, Eichhorn Bros. Tridrepana obscura sp. n. TYPE. Holotype male (E. Java) Tennger, Singolangoe, 5,000 ft., May 1934, F. P. A. Kalis ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 179. DESCRIPTION : MALE (PL 2, fig. 9). 29-8, 26-2-33-7 mm. (17). Head and thorax as for albonotata angusta. Wings as for albonotata angusta but with following differences. Fore wing more strongly falcate apically (as in albo. f erred). Discocellular and posterodistal spot of upperside smaller, former sometimes without white centre ; medial shade more strongly marked distal to postmedial ; markings of anterior part of subterminal less greatly enlarged and only faintly edged distally with whitish scales. Hind wing with posterodistal spot and postmedial diffusely marked. Both wings less distinctly lustrous. Underside with anterior part of subterminal faintly marked, sometimes represented by a single spot between M x and M 2 . FEMALE. 35-0, 34-0-36-4 mm. (5). As for male but with following differences, 448 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE Longest antennal pectination equal in length to one-half greatest diameter of eye (in contrast with albonotata female). Outer margin of fore wing slightly convex, not straight. In five males and one female the ground colour of the upperside of both wings and the colour of the thorax and the abdomen is pale brown, OOS-iG-y . FIGS. 59 and 60. Tridrepana obscura sp. n. ( allotype female. 59. Ventral view. 60. Dorsal view. FIGS. 61-63. T. obscura sp. n., holo type male. 61. Genitalia. 62. Aedeagus. 63. Eighth sternite, A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 449 GENITALIA. Male. (Text-figs. 61, 62, 63). Saccus moderately long, tapered. Valve long, pointed ; strong longitudinal carina on inner surface from base to near apex ; apex falcate and hood-like. Anellus forming almost complete ring round base of aedeagus, divided ventromedially ; produced dorsally on either side of medial line as broad band which curves anteriorly then posteriorly fusing with opposite band to form large, heavily sclerotized structure, evaginate laterally and posteriorly, invaginate medially ; closely apposed to gnathus. Gnathus similar to albonotata ; anterior part of medial structure sagittate, evaginate only at base ; posterior flap small; lateral arms slender. Socius very short and broad. Uncus bifurcate medially into pair of tapered, divergent, downcurved arms ; each arm with baso- ventral ridge and few short spines basodorsally. Aedeagus arcuate, most strongly so near apex ; with inner and outer cornutus ; vesica spinose. Eighth sternite longer than its greatest transverse width, weakly bilobed posteriorly. Length of anterior margin of eighth tergite one and a half times greatest width of eighth sternite ; sharply constricted just before posterior margin which is less than one-third length of anterior margin ; apodemes about one-third length of anterior margin. FEMALE (Text-figs. 59, 60). Minutely spinose patch with rounded sclerotized plate immediately posterior to it placed medially at posterior margin of preostial sternite. Signa of bursa copulatrix similar to albonotata ; ductus bursae minutely scobinate anteriorly, more lightly scobinate and slightly rimose posterior to junction with spermathecal duct, heavily sclerotized towards ostium. Spermatheca with radial ornamentation. Ostium with broad bilobed anterior lip forming partial operculum. Ostial segment well developed ; posterior margin emarginate dorsally. Anterior apophyses very short. Intersegmental membrane (?) between ostial and preostial segment evaginate laterally and dorsally, covered with minute hair-like spines. Posterior apophyses long. Ventral ovipositor lobes strongly sclerotized and greatly dilated basally, papillate and hairy apically. Dorsal ovipositor lobes represented by pair of heavily sclerotized digitate lobes, and pair of hairy papillate lobes immediately ventral to latter. DIAGNOSIS. The species can usually be distinguished from albonotata by the smaller cell spots, differently marked medial shade and less distinctly marked subterminal on the upperside of the fore wing in both sexes. Easily distinguished in the female by the more strongly pectinate antennae. GENITALIA : MALE. The shape of the anellus and uncus separate the species from the rest of the species group. FEMALE. Distinguished from microcrocea by the shape of the sign a and the ostial segment ; very different from albonotata. DISCUSSION. The species apparently occurs in two forms, a yellow form and a pale brown form, (see above). DISTRIBUTION. Java, Bali, i $ (in Brit. Mus.) from S.E. Sumatra, Liwa, is probably subspecifically different from the material mentioned below. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : allotype $, E. Java, Djoenngo Ardjoeno, 4,500 ft., May 1934, J. P. A. Kalis, Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 366 ; i 9, 7 $ paratypes, from type locality, May, June 1934, J. P. A. Kalis ; I $, 4 <$ paratypes, 3 <$, Djoenngo Ardjoeno, 4,500 ft., May, June, 1934, J. P. A, 450 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE Kalis ; i <$ paratype, Kletak Tengger, 6,000 ft., June 1934, J. P. A. Kalis ; 2 9 paratypes, Nongkodjadjar, 4,000 ft., January, April 1934, A. M. R. Wegner; 2 $ paratypes, W. Bali, Mondoktoempang, 2,500 ft., October 1934, J. P. A. Kalis. Tridrepana microcrocea Gaede Tridrepana microcrocea Gaede, 1933, Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Belg. 9, No. 43 : 2. TYPE. Holotype male, Malacca, Tengah-Gebirge ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 221 (in Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin). DESCRIPTION : MALE. 27-4, 26-0-29-2 mm. (5). As for albonotata angusta but with following differences. Rj from one-half areole, or more distally. Upperside of thorax and abdomen and ground colour of upperside of both wings OY-i8/i9-i2 ; fore wing with distance between posterodistal spot and postmedial (measured along M 3 ) equal to width of medial shade distal to postmedial at that point ; medial shade not developed proximally except for small area distal to end of cell and near costa : posterodistal spot of hind wing more strongly marked, elongate, its longitudina- axis parallel to inner margin of wing ; latter spot sometimes touching disco- cellular spot proximally. Base of cell on underside with small patch of long, curved, dark scales (possibly sensory). FEMALE (PI. 2, fig. 10). 34- 1, 33-4-34-6 mm., (3). As for male but with following differences. Longest antennal pectination just shorter than greatest diameter of eye (ct. albonotata}. Outer margin slightly convex, not straight. Upperside of both wings lighter, OY-I9-I2 , and more lustrous ; markings also lighter in colour. Trace of marginal shade on underside of fore wing ; sensory (?) patch absent. GENITALIA : MALE (Text-figs. 67, 68). Saccus long, digitate. Valve moderately long, very slightly arcuate, digitate distally. Anellus developed lateral to base of aedeagus as small lobe ; dorsal wall of each lobe produced anterodorsally as flattened plate, fusing with plate from other side medially ; resultant medial plate produced anteriorly for short distance then bilobed and sharply reflexed posteriorly. Medial part of gnathus similar in structure to albonotata ; free posterior part lightly covered with minute, hair-like spines ; anterior evagination with long, hair-like spines at base. Socius minute. Uncus bifurcate posteriorly into pair of long, tapered, proximoventrally carinate processes. Aedeagus with outer and inner cornutus, outer cornutus very slender ; vesica armoured with short spines. Eighth sternite truncate posteriorly. Eighth tergite twice as wide transversely at its base as least width of eighth sternite ; tapered posteriorly, most strongly near posterior margin ; length of posterior margin one-quarter to one-third length of anterior margin. FEMALE (Text-figs. 64, 65, 66) Posteromedial margin of preostial segment with minutely spinose, elongate patch ; rounded sclerotised plate immediately posterior to latter. Bursa copulatrix, spermatheca, and respective ducts as for obscura but with more elongate signa and posterior part of ductus bursae narrower. Ostium with bilobed anterior lip forming partial operculum. Ostial segment well developed. Intersegmental membrane (?) between ostial and preostial segment variously folded laterally and dorsally, covered with minute hair-like spines. Ventral ovipositor lobes well developed, papillate and hairy distally. Dorsal lobes united medially A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 451 FIGS. 64-66. Tridrepana microcrocea Gaede, female. 64. Ventral view of ovipositor lobes and ostium. 65. Dorsal view of ovipositor lobes. 66. Bursa copulatrix. FIGS. 67 and 68. T. microcrocea Gaede, holotype male. 67. Eighth sternite. 68. Genitalia. forming heavily sclerotized, posteriorly bilobed, hood-like structure ; produced into pair of small hairy lobes ventrally. DIAGNOSIS. Distinguished from the rest of the species group by the dark patch of scales at the base of the cell on the underside of the fore wing in the male, and by the elongate posterodistal cell spot on the upperside of the hind wing in both sexes. DISCUSSION. A similarly placed sensory (?) patch of scales occurs on the fore wing of the males of the next species group. DISTRIBUTION. Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : 7 , Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Apr. 13.1926, Nov. 30, 1929, Jan.i8, Feb. 7, 17 1931, Jan.io, Dec. 3 1932, 452 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE H. M. Pendlebury ; i $, Perak, Taiping, E. Seimund; i $, Selangor-Pahang, Gintin Sempak, 29^.1927 ; 2 $, 2 ?, Singapore, H. N. Ridley ; i $, S.E. Borneo, Samarinda, X.IQ38, M. E. Walsh ; i ?, B. N. Borneo, Kretam, 22.vi.i95o, 8 p.m., J. D. H. Hedley. LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL TE WAGENINGEN : i <$, O. Borneo, 17 Nov. 1936, Qu. de Quarles ; i <$, Sum. O.K., Dolok Ilir, 26 May 1936. Tridrepana sera (Warren) Drepana sera Warren, 1896, Novit. zool. 3 : 272. Iridrepana sera (Warren), Warren, 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 465. Tridrepana sera (Warren), Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 30. Iridrepana sera ab. suffusa (Warren), 1922, Gross-Schmetterl. 10 : 465 (SYN. NOV.). Tridrepana sera ab. suffusa (Warren), Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 30. TYPE. Holotype female, Fergusson I., xi.95, A. S. Meek ; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 188. DESCRIPTION : MALE (PI. 2, fig. n). 29-5, 27-0-31-6 mm. (6). As for albonotata angusta but with following differences. Outer margin of fore wing slightly convex ; Rj usually from one-half areole. Upperside of fore wing with antemedial uninterrupted at veins ; cell spots smaller ; postmedial from two-fifths costa, lunulate from M t to M 2 , nearly straight from M 2 to one-half inner margin ; medial shade very faintly developed proximal to anterior part of postmedial, well marked distal to postmedial especially along its distal border ; subterminal with single enlarged spot between Mj and M 2 , faintly edged with whitish scales. Hind wing with anterior part of antemedial more strongly marked ; posterodistal spot smaller, trace of white centre ; proximal line of postmedial from one-half inner margin, passing closer to end of cell than in albonotata ; markings of distal postmedial line large, diffuse, each marking placed mid-way between corresponding markings of subterminal and proximal postmedial line, or closer to subterminal. Both wings less distinctly lustrous. Underside of fore wing with trace of marginal shade immediately inside outer margin of wing ; subterminal represented by single spot between Mj and M 2 . FEMALE. 35-0, 33-6-36-8 mm. (7). As for male but with following differences. Longest antennal pectination just over half greatest diameter of eye. Outer margin of fore wing more strongly convex ; upperside of both wings slightly lighter in colour and more distinctly lustrous. GENITALIA. MALE. (Text-figs. 71, 72, 73). Saccus moderately long, tapered. Valve long, tapered, slightly arcuate ; proximal two-thirds hood-like. Anellus forming almost complete ring round base of aedeagus ; each side produced posteriorly dorsal to aedeagus, uniting with opposite side to form strongly evaginate structure covered with long, stout, curved spines ; continued posteriorly as narrow medial band, closely apposed to similar band from anterior margin of gnathus. Medial part of gnathus covered with long, hair-like spines ; lateral arms well developed ; membrane immediately anterior to anterior border of gnathus folded, forming small lobe on either side of medial line. Socius small. Uncus bifurcate medially, each resultant process with single apical hair and digitate ventral arm ; A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 453 FIGS. 69 and 70. Tridrepana sera (Warren), female. 69. Ventral view of genitalia. 70. Dorsal view. FIGS. 71-73. T. sera( Warren) , holotype male. 71. Genitalia. 72. Aedeagus. 73. Eighth sternite. 454 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE carinate laterally, with one or two pointed teeth near middle of each lateral margin. Aedeagus geniculate just distal to mid-point ; inner cornutus weakly developed, outer cornutus long ; vesica armoured with spines of various lengths. Eighth sternite truncate posteriorly. Eighth tergite about two and a half times as long as length of anterior margin, equal in width anteriorly to length of posterior margin of eighth sternite ; evenly tapered from anterior margin to near posterior margin ; posterior margin slightly concave medially, equal in length to less than half length of anterior margin. FEMALE. (Text-figs. 69, 70). Posteromedial margin of preostial sternite with rectangular, minutely spinose patch and rounded sclerotized plate immediately posterior to latter. Bursa copulatrix without signa ; ductus bursae scobinate, flattened and strongly sclerotized posterior to junction with spermathecal duct, bent to left just anterior to ostium. Spermatheca with radial ornamentation. Ostium with bilobed anterior lip forming operculum. Ostial segment well developed, produced over base of ovipositor lobes dorsally. Intersegmental membrane (?) between ostial and preostial segment folded laterally, covered with small hair-like spines. Ventral ovipositor lobes globular, densely hairy ; dorsal lobes fused basally, papillate and haiiy posteriorly. DIAGNOSIS. Distinguished from the rest of the species group by the nearly straight posterior half of the postmedial on the upperside of the fore wing. DISTRIBUTION. Ferguson I., New Guinea. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : 2 $, N.E. British New Guinea, Kumusi R., low level, June, July '07, A. S. Meek ; 2 $, Milne Bay, Oct., xii.gS, A. S. Meek ; i , Mafulu, 4,000 ft., xii.1933, L. E. Cheesman ; Dinawa, 4,000 ft., Sept. 1902, Coll. A. E. Pratt ; 2 $, Dutch New Guinea, Humboldt Bay Distr., Wembl., 3O.vii, 8.viii.i937; 2$, Snow Mts., nr. Oetakwa, up to 3,500 ft., x-xii.igio, Meek (including syntype of ab. suffusa) ; i , Fak Fak, 1,700 ft., Jan-Feb. '08, Pratt ; i <$, i $, Central Arfak Mts., Ninay Valley, 3,500 ft., Nov.'oS to Jan.'og and Feb.-March '09 (including syntype of ab. suffusa). Species group crocea Leech Although the colour pattern of the group is similar to that of the previous group, it is readily distinguished from it by the presence of three medial spots on the upper- side of the fore wing in both sexes, and a dark patch of thickened (sensory?) scales at the base of the cell on the underside of the fore wing in the male. In the male the gnathus is produced anteriorly as a long narrow band, the socii are well developed and the uncus is bifurcate into a pair of unbranched arms. The species crocea Leech and unispina sp. n. would undoubtedly have been treated as races of one species had it not been for the fact that they are sympatric in part of their ranges, apparently without interbreeding. T. septempunctata Warren is poly ty pic. Tridrepana crocea (Leech) (comb, nov.) Drepana crocea Leech, 1888, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1888 : 649 (fig.)- Albara crocea (Leech), Kirby, 1892, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. p. 734. Drepana crocea Leech, Strand, 1911, Gross-Schmetterl. 2 : 201. A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 455 Konjikia crocea (Leech), Nagano, 1917, Bull. Nawa ent. Lab. 2 : 39. Drepana crocea Leech, Gaede, 1931, Lepid Cat. 49 : 26. TYPE. Holotype female, Japan, H. Pryer Coll.; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 372 (described as male, in error). DESCRIPTION : MALE (PL 2, fig. 12). 37-4, 30-4-42-6 mm. (78). As for albonotata angusta but with following differences. Outer margin of foie wing usually slightly convex ; ground colour of upperside OOY-i7/i8-i2, all markings slightly daiker ; mid-cell spot present ; medial shade 0-14-11, part distal to postmedial rather broader than in albonotata ; postmedial indented inwards immediately anterior to cell ; anterior subterminal markings more conspicuously edged distally and laterally with whitish scales ; marginal shade not extending posterior to M 3 . Hind wing with white streak along base of Cu x at end of cell, as in albo celebesemis ; distal postmedial line only developed posteriorly, diffusely marked. Both wings lustrous except for small patches proximal to markings of subterminal, all area distal to it, and dark centres of anterior subterminal markings in fore wing, and in area distal to subterminal in hind wing. Underside OOY-i8-n. Fore wing with anterior part of distal postmedial line, anterior part of subterminal, and discocellular spot moderately well marked ; trace of posterodistal spot ; patch of dark, thickened, rounded scales (possibly sensory) along and on either side of posterior border of cell from base to mid-way between base and Cu 2 ; greatest width of patch equal to half greatest diameter of eye, tapered distally. Proximal half of hind wing with numerous elongate raised scales forming whorl at humeral angle. FEMALE. 44-4, 41-4-52-2 mm. (13). As for male but with following differences. Antenna minutely bipectinate, longest pectination about twice diameter of x shaft at that point. Outer margin of fore wing usually more strongly convex. Upperside of both wings sometimes more weakly coloured ; more distinctly lustrous. Without (sensory ?) patch on underside of hind wing. GENITALIA : MALE (Text-figs. 76, 77). Saccus moderately long, tapered. Valve arcuate, pointed and slightly falcate at apex. Anellus produced anterodorsally dorsal to base of aedeagus, then bent dorsally through nearly 360, forming short, slightly tapered plate closely apposed to anterior part of gnathus. Gnathus with pair of stout, dorsoventrally flattened lobes medially, with short slender process between them ; produced anteriorly, terminating in pair of stout, spiny, conical processes ; short sub-anal flap ; lateral arms strongly developed, arcuate. Socius long, slender, with short process near base. Uncus bifurcate posteriorly into pair of sharply tapered, downcurved arms. Outer cornutus of aedeagus geniculate apicad, three-quarters length of inner cornutus ; vesica spinose, longest spine over half greatest width of inner cornutus. Eighth sternite weakly bilobed posteriorly. Eighth tergite quadrate, about one and a half times as long as its greatest transveres width ; greatest width one and a quarter times as wide as greatest width of eighth sternite ; apodemes usually two-thirds as long as least width of tergite. FEMALE (Text-figs. 74, 75). Posteromedial margin of preostial sternite with small, minutely hairy patch. Bursa copulatrix with pair of elongate signa (shape as for albonotata). Ductus bursae minutely scobinate anteriorly, rugose and more lightly scobinate posterior to junction with spermathecal duct ; strongly sclerotized ENTOM. 4, 9. 27 456 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 77 FIGS. 74 and 75. Tridrepana crocea (Leech), holotype female. 74. Ventral view of ostium and ovipositor lobes. 75. Dorsal view. FIGS. 76 and 77. T. crocea (Leech), male. 76. Eighth sternite. 77. Genitalia. anteriorly. Ostium with flattened lobe on either side. Spermatheca radially ornamented, as for fulvata. Ventral ovipositor lobes papillate, densely hairy ; dorsal lobes forming heavily sclerotized triangular structure. Pair of small irregularly shaped lobes one on either side of ventral lobes ; further flattened, digitate lobe on either side immediately anterior to latter. DIAGNOSIS. Most readily distinguished from the rest of the species group by the shape of gnathus in the male and the shape of the ovipositor lobes in the female. DISCUSSION. Although this species is morphologically very close to unispina, it is sympatric with it in part of its range apparently without interbreeding, and must therefore be specifically distinct from it. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 155). Japan, and the following provinces of China: Chekiang, Fukien and Hunan. A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE 457 MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : i g, Japan, Asam, io.viii.96, Jones ; i <$, i $, Honshu Plains, prov. Musashi, Tokyo, 10, 12. x. 1893, A. E. Wileman ; 42 $, i ?, Takao-San, W. of Tokyo, June, July, 1926, June 1925, M. Aigner ; i $, Takao-San, 21 Sept. 1950, H. Inoue ; i <$, Nikko, October 1925, M. aigner ; n <$, 3 , Honshu, prov. Yamato (Nara), Yoshino, vii.x.iSgg, vii, ix, x 1900, June 1901, A. E. Wileman ; 3 <, Yoshima, August 1899, Aug., Oct. 1900, A. E. Wileman ; i $, Hondo (Honshu) Kioto, x.igoS, G. Kon ; 2 $, i $, Japan. ZOOL. FORSCHUNGSINSTITUT u. Mus. A. KOENIG, BONN : i ?, Jokohama, 25. x.i i ; H. Hone ; 2 <^, Yokohama, 1891 ; i $, Hakone am Fuji, Aug. 1916, H Hone ; 9 & 2 $, (China), Chekiang, West Tien-Mu-Shan, 1,600 m., 5, 7, 9, 10, 11.1932, 81 FIGS. 78 and 79. Tridrepana unispina sp. n., allotype female. 78. Ventral view of genitalia. 79. Dorsal view. FIGS. 80 and 81. T. unispina sp. n., male. 80. Aedeagus. 81. Genitalia. 458 A REVISION OF THE GENUS TRIDREPANA SWINHOE H. Hone ; 2 <$, Chekiang, Ost Tien-Mu-Shan, g.xi.^2, 2I.V.I93I, H. Hone ; 2 <, Fukien, Kuatun, 2,300 m., 28^.1938, L. J. Klapperish ; 3 <$, Fukien, Kuatun, 7, 8, 9.38, H. Hone ; i ?, Sudchina, Amoy, 7.viii.24, H. Hone ; 2 <$, Hunan, Hoeng-Shan 900 m., 4, 16^.1933, H. Hone. Tridrepana unispina sp. n. pro parte Drepana crocea Leech, Strand, 1911, Gross Schmetterl. 2 : 201. pro parte Drepana crocea Leech, Gaede, 1931, Lepid. Cat. 49 : 26. Drepana crocea Leech, Strand, 1915, Arch. Naturgesch. A12 : 163. TYPE. Holotype male, Moupin (W. China, Szechwan), June 1890, Kricheldorff coll.; Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 183. DESCRIPTION : MALE. 36-0, 31-6-42-0 mm.(7). As for crocea, but with (sensory ?) patch at the base of the cell on the underside of the fore wing narrower ; greatest width one-quarter to one-third diameter of eye. FEMALE. 47.6, 47.2-48.0 mm. (2). As for $ crocea. GENITALIA : MALE (Text-figs. 80, 81). Similar to crocea, differing chiefly in the shape of the anellus and gnathus ; eighth tergite relatively longer, about twice as long as its greatest transverse width. FEMALE (Text-figs. 78, 79). Bursa copulatrix, spermatheca and associated ducts as for crocea. Ostial lobes similar to crocea but shorter. Shape of ovipositor lobes quite different from crocea. DIAGNOSIS. Easily distinguished from crocea by the shape of the gnathus in the male genitalia and by the shape of the ovipositor lobes in the female. DISCUSSION (see crocea}. DISTRIBUTION (Text-fig. 155). Formosa, and the following provinces of China : Fukien, Yunnan. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRITISH MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) : allotype $, with same data as holotype. Drepanidae genitalia slide no. 374 ; i $, Formosa, Kansherei, 1,000 ft., I5.xi.i9o8, A. E. Wileman. ZOOL. FORSCHUNGSINSTITUT u. Mus. A. KOENIG, BONN : 2 <, Fukien, Kuatun, 2,300 m., 27.40 N, 117.40 E., 19^.1946, J. Klapperich ; i J